CHAPTER -ONE

1 By: Tefera Adugnaw

 Definition
 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to
actually work.
 It is the software that enables all the programs we use.

 Operating system organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application programs

and the machine hardware.

 A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a

computer and the computer hardware.

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Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc…
 Structure of Operating System

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1. Hardware

 Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)
 Software includes process management routines, memory

management routines, I/O control routines, file management

routines.
3. System programs

 A program, as an operating system consists of compilers,

Assemblers, linker etc, that controls some aspect of the operation of

a computer (opposed to application program)

4. Application programs
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 This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation system,
 What OS does?
An operating system performs basic tasks such as:
 Controlling and allocating memory

 Prioritizing system requests

 Controlling input and output devices

 Facilitating networking and

 Managing file systems etc…

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 Role of operating systems
 Resource Manager (Memory management, File system management ,

Input Output Management, Management of peripheral devices,

Processor management)
 Provides user with graphical user interface (GUI)

 Manages the Computer hardware.

 Provides basis for application program and acts as an intermediary

between the computer user and the computer hardware.

 Provides security and protection

 Provides and activates various utility services like editors,

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translators, compilers and other applications.
 Purposes of an operating system
 To provide an environment for a computer user to execute
programs on computer hardware in a convenient and efficient
manner.
 To allocate the separate resources of the computer as needed to

solve the problem given.

-The allocation process should be as fair and efficient as possible.
 As a control program it serves two major functions:

1. Supervision of the execution of user programs to prevent errors

and improper use of the computer, and
7 2. Management of the operation and control of I/O devices.
 Why is the operating system so important?

 An operating system is the most important software

that runs on a computer.
 It manages the computer's memory, processes, and

all of its software and hardware.

 It also allows you to communicate with the computer

without knowing how to speak the computer's language.

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Why does a computer need an operating
system?

 An operating system is the most essential program

that allows a computer to run and execute

programs.
 Without an operating system, a computer cannot be

of any important use since the computer's hardware

won't be able to communicate with the software.
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What is the difference between system software and
application software with examples ?

System software is also known as the operating system

and includes Microsoft Windows, Apple's OSX and
Linux, while application software refers to programs
that perform tasks and includes Microsoft Office,
Adobe Photoshop and Apple iTunes. Application
software requires an operating system to be installed

10 and booted up before it can be used.

 Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch operating system
 The users of batch operating system do not

interact with the computer directly.

 Execution of a series of programs on a computer

without human interaction

 Each user prepares his/her job on an off-line device

like punch cards and submits it to the computer

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operator.
 Con’t…
 To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs

are batched together and run as a group.

 Thus, the programmers left their programs with

the operator and return later to collect them. The

operator then sorts programs into batches with
similar requirements.

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 Problems of batch operating systems

 Lack of interaction between the user and job.

 CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the

mechanical I/O devices are slower than CPU.

 Difficult to provide the desired priority.

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 2. Multiprogramming operating system
 Multiprogramming OS are more complex than batch operating

systems.
A. Multi-tasking OS- supports two or more active process
simultaneously.
B. Multi-user OS- supports simultaneous interaction with
multiple users.
- Necessary for the large company where the data remains the
same among various users

C. Multi-processing system- when an OS controls multiple

process at a time, different tasks may be performed on
14 different processors. But all processors are controlled by one
 3. Time-sharing operating systems
 Time sharing is a technique which enables many

people, located at various terminals, to use a

particular computer system at the same time.
 Processor's time which is shared among multiple

users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.

Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension

of multi programming.
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 Con’t…..
 Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching

between them, but the switches occur so frequently. Thus,

the user can receive an immediate response.
 Operating system uses CPU scheduling and

multiprogramming to provide each user with a small

portion of a time.
 Computer systems that were designed primarily as batch

systems have been modified to time-sharing systems

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 Examples of time sharing OS: CTSS, Multics, Cal, Unix
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Timesharing operating systems
Advantages
 Provide advantage of quick response.

 Avoids duplication of software.

 Reduces CPU idle time.

Disadvantages
 Problem of reliability.

 Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.

 Problem of data communication.

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 4. Distributed operating System
 Distributed environment refers to a collection of
autonomous systems, capable of communicating and
cooperating with each other through the network, are
connected to each other through LAN/WAN.
 A distribute OS governs such a distributed system and

provides a virtual machine abstraction to its users.

 A distribute OS is one that looks to its users like an

ordinary centralized OS but runs on multiple independent

CPUs.

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Distributed systems use multiple central processors to
 Con’t…
 Note that: The concept here is transparency:
• It means that the use of multiple CPUs should be invisible to the

user, the resource distribution must be hidden from the users and
the application programs unless required by the users.
 Distributed OS often allow programs to run on several processors

at the same time, thus requiring more complex CPU scheduling

algorithms in order to achieve maximum CPU utilization.
 Examples of distributed OS: Amoeba, Alpha kernel, Angle and

chorus
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 Advantages of distributed operating systems.
 With resource sharing facility user at one site may be

able to use the resources available at another.

 Speedup the exchange of data with one another via

electronic mail.
 If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining

sites can potentially continue operating.

 Better service to the customers.

 Reduction of delays in data processing.

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 5. Network operating System
 A NOS is defined as a collection of SW and associated

protocols that allows a set of autonomous computers,

which are interconnected by a computer NW to be used
together in a convenient and cost-effective manner.
 In NOS, the users are aware of the existence of multiple

computers.
 NOS runs on a server and provides server the capability

to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and

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other networking functions.
 Con’t…
 The primary purpose of the NOS is to allow shared
file and printer access among multiple computers in
a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a
private network or to other networks.
 Note that: The key issue that distinguishes a NOS from

a distributed OS is how much aware the users are of the

fact that multiple machines are being used .
 Examples of NOS are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
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Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X and Novell NetWare
 The advantages and disadvantages of NOS
Advantages
 Centralized servers are highly stable.
 Security is server managed.

 Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated

into the system.

 Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types

of systems.
Disadvantages
 High cost of buying and running a server.

 Dependency on a central location for most operations.

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 6. Real Time operating System
 Real time system is defines as a data processing system in

which the time interval required to process and respond to

inputs is so small that it controls the environment.
 The time taken by the system to respond to an input and

display of required updated information is termed as

response time.
 So in this method response time is very less as compared to

the online processing.

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 Real-time operating system has well-defined, fixed time
 Con’t….
 Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time

requirements on the operation of a processor or the

flow of data and real-time systems can be used as a
control device in a dedicated application.
 For example Scientific experiments, medical imaging

systems,

industrial control systems, robots, and home-appliance

controllers, Air traffic control system etc.
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 Examples of RTOS: Harmony, MARUTI, VRTX, HART..
 Types of real-time operating systems

1. Hard real-time systems

 Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical

tasks complete on time.

 In hard real-time systems secondary storage is

limited or missing with data stored in ROM.

 In these systems virtual memory is almost never

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 2. Soft real-time systems
 Soft real-time systems are less restrictive.

 Critical real-time task gets priority over

other tasks and retains the priority until it

completes.
 Soft real-time systems have limited utility

than hard real time systems.

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The difference b/n Hard and Soft real-time OS
Hard Real-time system Soft real-time system
 Autonomous error detection for  User assisted error detection
hard real time system for soft real time system.
 These systems have limited
 These system have long-term
utility for rollback/recovery
mechanism due to short-term integrity of data
integrity of data
 The data file sizes are  The data file sizes are large
small/medium
 Their safety is often critical  Their safety is non-critical
 Predictable (well defined) peak  Degraded peak load
load
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performance for these system performance
 END

QUESTION???

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