IN A ¼ SHEET OF PAPER

WRITE YOUR
EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE
SUBJECT
(INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY)
AND YOUR EXPECTATIONS
ABOUT THE SUBJECT
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY
OF THE HUMAN PERSON
SUBJECT DESCRIPTION: AN INITIATION TO THE ACTIVITY AND PROCESS OF
PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION AS A SEARCH FOR A SYNOPTIC VISION OF
LIFE. TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED INCLUDE THE HUMAN EXPERIENCES OF
EMBODIMENT, BEING IN THE WORLD WITH OTHERS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT, FREEDOM, INTERSUBJECTIVITY, SOCIALITY, BEING UNTO
DEATH.

COURSE OBJECTIVES: AT THE END OF THE COURSE, THE STUDENT SHOULD

BE ABLE TO:
1. REFLECT ON THEIR DAILY EXPERIENCES FROM A HOLISTIC POINT OF
VIEW
2. ACQUIRE CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL THINKING SKILLS
3. APPLY THEIR CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL THINKING SKILLS TO THE
AFFAIRS OF DAILY LIFE
4. BECOME TRUTHFUL, ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY AND SERVICE-ORIENTED
5. ACTIVELY COMMITTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE HUMANE
SOCIETY
6. ARTICULATE THEIR OWN PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE

OVER-ALL STANDARD FOR GRADE 12: THE LEARNER SHOULD BE ABLE TO

DEMONSTRATE A CAPACITY FOR A CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL REFLECTION
 1ST QUARTER LIST OF TOPICS

LESSON1: INTRODUCTION TO
PHILOSOPHY
LESSON 2: DOING PHILOSOPHY
LESSON 3: DETERMINING TRUTH
LESSON 4: THE HUMAN PERSON
LESSON 5: PHILOSOPHY AND
SPIRITUALITY
LESSON 6: MAN AND HIS
ENVIRONMENT
 REQUIREMENTS

MASTERY TEST – 15%

SUMMATIVE TEST – 15 %
OTHER EVIDENCES (FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT & PROMPT) – 10%
COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES – 10 %
VALUES CHARACTERIZATION – 5 %
PERFORMANCE TASK – 20 %
PERIODICAL TEST – 20 %
ATTENDANCE / JOURNAL – 5 %
------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 100 %
PERFORMANCE TASK

1ST QUARTER
G – DEVISE A SERIES OF QUESTIONS THAT WILL BE USED IN DETERMINING THE TRUTH OF AN IDEA, STATEMENT, OR EVENT.
R – STUDENT
A – CLASSMATES
S – THE STUDENT WILL DEVELOP HIS/HER OWN CRITERIA OF TRUTH BASED ON WHAT HE/SHE HAS LEARNED FROM THE LESSON.
P – PERSONAL CRITERIA OF TRUTH
 1 point 3 points 5 points

Question Relevance Two or more One questions is not All questions are
questions are not relevant to the topic relevant to the topic
relevant to the topic

Grammar Did not use proper Used partial proper Used proper
capitalization, capitalization, capitalization,
punctuation, spelling punctuation, spelling punctuation, spelling
of words in the of words in the of words in the
questions questions questions
 ASSIGNMENT:

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN WISDOM AND
KNOWLEDGE?
 KNOWLEDGE IS REALLY ABOUT FACTS AND IDEAS THAT WE ACQUIRE
THROUGH STUDY, RESEARCH, INVESTIGATION, OBSERVATION, OR EXPERIENCE.

WISDOM IS THE ABILITY TO DISCERN AND JUDGE WHICH ASPECTS OF THAT

KNOWLEDGE ARE TRUE, RIGHT, LASTING, AND APPLICABLE TO YOUR LIFE.
 LESSON 1:
INTRODUCTION
TO
PHILOSOPHY
 “WONDER IS THE
FEELING OF A
PHILOSOPHER, AND
PHILOSOPHY BEGINS IN
WONDER.”

- SOCRATES
WHAT IS THE REAL NATURE OF
MAN?
WHAT IS THE END OF LIFE?
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THIS
WORLD IN WHICH HE LIVES?
IS THERE ANY CREATOR OF
THIS WORLD?
READ AND ANALYSE THE FOLLOWING
CONVERSATION BETWEEN A HIGH SCHOOL
TEACHER AND HER STUDENT IN CLASS:

TEACHER: “JOHN, WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE

TO BE WHEN YOU GROW UP?
JOHN: “MA’AM I WANT TO BE HAPPY!”
TEACHER: “JOHN, YOU DID NOT
UNDERSTAND MY QUESTION.”
JOHN: MA’AM, YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND
WHAT LIFE IS ALL ABOUT!”
1. DO YOU THINK THAT JOHN ANSWERED HIS
TEACHER’S QUESTION CORRECTLY?
2. WHAT DO YOU THINK WAS JOHN’S
INTERPRETATION OF HIS TEACHER’S
QUESTION?
3. BASED ON HIS RESPONSES, WHAT KIND OF
STUDENT DO YOU IMAGINE JOHN TO BE?
4. IF YOU WERE JOHN’S TEACHER, HOW
WOULD YOU RESPOND TO HIM?
5. HOW IS PHILOSOPHY RELATED TO THIS
SITUATION?
“HAPPINESS IS THE MEANING
AND THE PURPOSE OF LIFE,
THE WHOLE AIM AND END OF
HUMAN EXISTENCE.”

- ARISTOTLE
 PHILOSOPHY COMES FROM THE
GREEK WORDS: PHILOS (LOVE)
AND SOPHIA (WISDOM).

PHILOSOPHY = LOVE FOR WISDOM

 PHILOSOPHY
A SCIENCE OR DISCIPLINE
WHICH USES HUMAN REASON
TO INVESTIGATE THE
ULTIMATE CAUSES, REASONS,
AND PRINCIPLES WHICH
GOVERN ALL THINGS.
EMERGENCE OF
WESTERN
PHILOSOPHY
 WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IS PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH UNCOVERING HE TRUTH THROUGH SYSTEMATIC
ARGUMENTATION AND THEORY.

THERE IS A GREATER EMPHASIS ON THE USE OF REASON RATHER THAN FAITH, AND AN INCREASED FOCUS ON MAN AS
AN INDIVIDUAL.

GREECE WAS THE HOME OF THE GREAT CIVILIZATIONS DURING THE ANCIENT PERIOD. AMONG THE MOST NOTABLE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION WAS THEIR LOVE FOR LEARNING.
SOPHIST – TEACHERS WHO TRAVELLED THROUGHOUT GREECE TO TAUGHT PEOPLE WHO WISH TO
LEARN.

PHILOSOPHOS – “LOVERS OF WISDOM”

- PYTHAGORAS WAS ONE OF THEIR LEADERS.
- THEIR CENTRAL BELIEF WAS THAT MAN NEED NOT KNOW ALL THE THINGS IN THE WORLD, BUT ONE
MUST CONTINUE TO INQUIRE AND SEEK TO UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE HUMAN CONDITION.
THE FOLLOWING ARE
AMONG THE MOST
NOTABLE ANCIENT
PHILOSOPHERS
 :

PHYTHAGORAS (570 BCE TO 495 BCE)

A MATHEMATICIAN AND SCIENTIST, HE WAS CREDITED WITH THE FORMULATION OF THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM. HIS WORK
EARNED HIM MANY FOLLOWERS.
“THE OLDEST, SHORTEST WORDS –
“YES” AND “NO”
-ARE THOSE WHICH REQUIRE THE
MOST THOUGHT.”

“CHOOSE RATHER TO BE STRONG

OF SOUL THAN STRONG OF BODY.”
 HERACLITUS (535 BCE TO 475 BCE)
FOR HIM, CHANGE IS A PERMANENT ASPECT OF THE HUMAN
CONDITION AND HE WAS CREDITED WITH THE SAYING,
“NO MAN EVER STEPS ON THE
SAME RIVER TWICE, FOR IT’S
NOT THE SAME RIVER AND
HE’S NOT THE SAME MAN.”
 DEMOCRITUS (460 BCE TO 370 BCE)
HE DEVOTED HIMSELF TO STUDYING THE CAUSES OF NATURAL PHENOMENA. HE WAS
AMONG THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT MATER IS COMPOSED OF TINY PARTICLES CALLED
ATOMS.
“BY DESIRING LITTLE, A POOR MAN MAKES
HIMSELF RICH.”

“GOOD MEANS NOT MERELY NOT TO DO

WRONG, BUT RATHER NOT TO DESIRE TO DO
WRONG.”

“OUR SINS ARE MORE EASILY REMEMBERED

THAN OUR GOOD DEEDS.”
 DIOGENES OF SINOPE (412 BCE TO 323 BCE)
HE WAS A KNOWN ADVOCATE OF A SIMPLE AND VIRTUOUS LIFE. FOR
DIOGENES, ONE SHOULD NOT ONLY TALK OF VIRTUE BUT SHOULD SHOW IT
IN WORDS AND ACTIONS. HIS EMPHASIS ON AUSTERITY AND SIMPLICITY
OFTEN WENT TO THE EXTREME, AND HE WAS SAID TO HAVE LIVED LIKE A
BEGGAR.
“WE HAVE TWO EARS AND ONE TONGUE
SO THAT WE WOULD LISTEN MORE AND
TALK LESS.”

“AS A MATTER OF SELF-PRESERVATION, A

MAN NEEDS GOOD FRIENDS OR ARDENT
ENEMIES, FOR THE FORMER INSTRUCT
HIM AND THE LATTER TAKE HIM TO ASK.”
 SOCRATES (470 BCE TO 399 BCE)
HE WAS CONSIDERED THE FOREMOST PHILOSOPHER OF ANCIENT TIMES.
HE MADE GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF ETHICS. SOCRATES
WAS A KNOWN CRITIC OF INTELLECTUALS DURING HIS TIME, BUT HE
HIMSELF DID NT CLAIM TO BE “WISE” AND MERELY CONSIDERED HIMSELF
A “MIDWIFE” THAT HELPED INQUIRING MINDS ACHIEVE WISDOM. HE ALSO
BELIEVED THAT PHILOSOPHY COULD ENABLE A MAN TO LIVE A LIFE OF
VIRTUE. HE WAS CREDITED WITH FORMULATING THE SOCRATIC METHOD –
A MEANS OF EXAMINING A TOPIC BY DEVISING A SERIES OF QUESTIONS
THAT LET THE LEARNER EXAMINE AND ANALYSE HIS KNOWLEDGE AND
VIEWS REGARDING THE TOPIC.
 “AN UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH
LIVING.”

“LET HIM THAT WOULD MOVE THE WORLD

FIRST MOVE HIMSELF.”

“BE SLOW TO FALL INTO FRIENDSHIP, BUT

WHEN YOU ARE IN, CONTINUE FIRM AND
CONSTANT.”
 PLATO (427 BCE TO 347 BCE)
A STUDENT OF SOCRATES, HE WROTE DOWN HIS TEACHER’S
WRITING AND INCORPORATED SOME OF HIS OWN IDEAS INTO
THEM. HIS TEACHINGS AND WRITINGS WERE CONSIDERED THE
FOUNDATION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY. PLATO’S MOST
SIGNIFICANT IDEAS INCLUDED HIS THEORY OF FORMS, WHICH
PROPOSES THAT EVERYTHING THAT EXISTS IS BASED ON AN
IDEA OR TEMPLATE THAT CAN ONLY BE PERCEIVED IN THE
MIND.
 “WISE MEN TALK BECAUSE THEY HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY; FOOLS, BECAUSE THEY HAVE TO SAY
SOMETHING.”

”YOU CAN DISCOVER MORE ABUT A PERSON IN AN HOUR OF PLAY THAN A YEAR OF CONVERSATION.”

“NEVER DISCOURAGE ANYONE.. WHO CONTINUALLY MAKES PROGRESS, NO MATTER HOW SLOW.”
CHOOSE AT LEAST 3 SAYINGS FROM THE PHILOSOPHERS
THAT WERE DISCUSSED. EXPLAIN THE SAYING AND
STATE THE REASON WHY YOU HAVE CHOSEN IT.
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF
WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IS
DEFINED BY THE
EMERGENCE OF VARIOUS
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN
VARIOUS PERIODS OF
HISTORY
 WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORIC SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
AL PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
Ancient Stoicism Emphasis on morality, virtue, calm, Seneca
Rome and emotional fortitude Epictetus
(1st century Marcus Aurelius
to 5th
century CE)
Medieval Scholasticism Application of philosophy to define St. Thomas Aquinas
Period and explain religious doctrines St. Augustine
(5th to 15th
centuries)
Empiricism Knowledge is gained through the David Hume
senses and experience; reliance on Francis Bacon
inductive reasoning to arrive at John Locke
generalizations
Renaissan Humanism Emphasis on the human Petrach
ce person; use of philosophy to Deciderius
(14th to understand society, nature Erasmus
17th and humanity Niccolo
centuries) Machiavelli
Francois Rabelais
The Rationalism Reason and logic considered Rene Descartes
Enlighten the basis of knowledge and Immanuel Kantz
ment belief; man has innate Gottfried Leibniz
(17th to knowledge that can be accessed
18th through intuition or deduction
centuries)
 WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT FEATURES/BELIEFS PHILOSOPHER
Social and Discussions on the ideal Voltaire
Political human situation and Jean Jaques Rousseau
Philosophy society; emphasis on Thomas Hobbes
individual rights and John Stuart Mill
liberties
Modern Period Existentialism Human experience is Soren Kierkegaard
(19th to 20th centuries) defined by the views, Friedrich Nietzeche
emotions, and action of Martin Heidegger
the individual Jean Paul Sartre
Simone de Beauvoir
Pragmatism Emphasis on the Charles Peirce
practical use of William James
knowledge and John Dewey
ideas
Phenomenolo Experience is Edmund Husserl
gy studied based on
the subjective
viewpoint of the
individual
 WESTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT FEATURES/BELIEF PHILOSOPHER
S
Absurdian Man will never Albert Camus
understand the human
condition and the
meaning of life
Post Analysis on how
modernism, knowledge, ideas,
Post- and power relations
structuralism are defined
 DEVELOPMENTS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY CONSISTS OF SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT WHICH ARE OFTEN CLOSELY TIED WITH RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

OFTEN DESCRIBED AS “WISDOM” LITERATURE, WHERE STORIES, SAYINGS AND TEXTS ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO ADOPT AN ETHICAL
AND HARMONIOUS LIFE.

THERE IS GREAT EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL RELATIONS, AND THE FAMILY AND COMMUNITY ARE CONSIDERED A CENTRAL ASPECT OF
LIFE.

THE GOAL OF PHILOSOPHY IS TO ACHIEVE A BALANCED LIFE AND FIND ONE’S ROLE IN SOCIETY.
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPH
ER
2000 BCE JUDAISM Belief in one God Abraham,
(ISRAEL, the (monotheism), who has a role Moses,
Levant) in the ultimate destiny of various
mankind; the Jewish people prophets
are God’s chosen people
Tanakh,
The observance of God’s Torah, and
commandments will result in various
rewards. A deeper study and scriptures
understanding of God’s laws
as revealed in the sacred
scriptures will lead to wisdom.
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
PERIOD OF PHILOSOPH
THOUGHT ER
1500 BCE Hinduism Belief in a pantheon of gods, with three The Vedas
main gods –
Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu
Belief in a cycle of birth and rebirth
(samsara), which is broken when a
person achieves ultimate union with the
Divine (moksha)
Emphasis on dharma, the fulfilment of
duties and behaviour in accordance with
the established order in the world;
individual actions contribute to either a
good or bad effect (karma) in a person’s
life
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICA SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
L PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOP
HER
600 BCE Shinto An animistic religion influenced No distinct
(Japan) by Japanese myth and traditions philosopher
The material and spiritual worlds or scared
are closely connected; rituals and texts
traditions are a way to connect
with the spiritual world
Mankind and the world are
essentially good and pure
Harmony and balance are
essential in maintaining purity
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
600-500 Jainism Rejects the idea of a Creator and Mahavira
BCE (India) considers the universe as eternal and
unceasing; time is a wheel which goes Jain Agamas
through cycles of prosperity and
suffering
Wisdom is developed through the
practice of the five main vows: ahimsa
( non-violence), satya (truth), asteya
(honesty), brahmacharyab(chastity), and
aparigraha (piety)
Meditation, discipline, and respect for
all life are emphasized.
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICA SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
L PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
400 BCE Buddhism Shares a number of main beliefs Siddharta
(South Asia, (samsara, dharma, moksha) with Gautama
East Asia, Hinduism (Buddha)
Southeast Asia) Tripitaka
The Four Noble Truths describe
wordly existence as imperfect and
influenced by earthly desires and
suffering (dukkha); to rid oneself of
desire and achieve liberation from
suffering, one must follow the Eight-
fold Path.

Divided into two major branches;

Therevada Buddhism and Mahayana
Buddhism
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
400 BCE Confucianism The contemplation of the order of things Confucius
(East Asia) can lead to self-transformation. Self-
transformation can lead to the betterment The Five Classics
of the family and society.

Human relationships are based on mutual

obligations; individuals should perform
their intended roles and contribute to
social order.
200 BCE Taoism Emphasis on the unity and harmony Lao Tzu
(East Asia) among opposing elements (yin and
yang); individuals must seek to I Ching, Tao Te
understand and act in accordance with Ching, and
the natural order. Zhuangsi
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICA SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
L PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
610 BCE ISLAM Belief in one God (Allah); Muhammad
(West Asia) commitment to faith is shown through
the practice of The Five Pillars: Quran
testament of faith (shahada), daily
prayers (salat), alms-giving (zakat),
fasting during the month of Ramadan
(sawm), and pilgrimage to the holy
city of Mecca (haji)

Religion ans Society are closely

intertwined; all Muslims are members
of a community (ummah) bounded by
faith

Divided into two major branches:

Sunni Islam and Shia Islam
 EASTERN PHILOSOPHY
HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES/BELIEFS NOTABLE
PERIOD THOUGHT PHILOSOPHER
1440 CE Sikhism God is believed to have created the Guru Nanak
(India) universe and is present everywhere and in
everything Guru Granth Sahib

Man communicates with God through

meditation, and his ultimate destiny is
union with the Divine

Apart from meditation, believers must

devote themselves to selfless service and
action.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT #1
I. CHOOSE THE LETTER OF THE CORRECT ANSWER.

A. GREECE B. SOCRATES
C. PLATO D. PHILOSOPHOS
E. PYTHAGORAS F. SOPHIST

1. BELIEVED THAT IDEAS ARE THE BASES FOR EVERYTHING THAT EXISTS IN THIS WORLD
2. LOVERS OF WISDOM
3. THE COUNTRY WHERE PHILOSOPHY ORIGINATED FROM
4. FORMULATED A METHOD OF EXAMINING A TOPIC THROUGH THE USE OF QUESTIONING
5. FORMULATED PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
II. IDENTIFY WHICH BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY IS REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS. WRITE A FOR WESTERN AND B FOR
EASTERN

6. ITS GOAL IS FOR MAN TO FIND HIS ROLE IN THE SOCIETY.

7. MOST SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO RELIGION
8. IT GIVES GREATER EMPHASIS ON REASON RATHER THAN FAITH.
9. IT FOCUSES ON LIVING AN ETHICAL LIFE, BALANCED LIFE.
10. MAJOR SCHOOLS INCLUDE EXISTENTIALISM, PRAGMATISM, AND RATIONALISM
 JOURNAL # 1
WRITE A REFLECTION
ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE
LEARNED IN LESSON 1 AND
HOW CAN USE IT IN YOUR
DAILY LIVES.
 LESSON 2
DOING
PHILOSOPHY
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS:

I BELIEVE THAT THIS WORLD IS _________ BECAUSE ___________.

THE ____________ KIND OF LIFE IS THE BEST KIND OF LIFE.

THE MOST IMPORTANT THING MAN MUST HAVE IS ____________.

 QUESTIONS:

CAN THIS STATEMENTS BE CONSIDERED

PHILOSOPHIES?

CAN PHILOSOPHY HELP YOU CLARIFY AND

DEFINE THIS STATEMENTS? HOW?
MAJOR CONCERNS OF
PHILOSOPHY

REALITY
CERTAINTY
CAUSALITY
ETHICS
REALITY
(WHAT IS REAL? ARE WE ABLE TO PERCEIVE AND UNDERSTAND REALITY AND EVERYTHING IN IT?)

– REFERS TO THE STATE OF EXISTENCE OF THINGS INDEPENDENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS.

- PHILOSOPHERS BELIEVE IN “OBJECTIVE AND ABSOLUTE” REALITY.

- CLASSIFICATION OF REALITY: CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT

- BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY WHICH ADDRESSES QUESTIONS REGARDING REALITY IS METAPHYSICS; ONTOLOGY, FOCUSES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF EXISTING THINGS (TIME, SPACE, NATURE OF THE UNIVERSE AND MAN)
CERTAINTY
(HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? ARE THE THINGS THAT WE KNOW TRUE?)

- REFERS TO PERFECT KNOWLEDGE THAT IS FREE FROM ERROR OF DOUBT

- A CENTRAL CONCEPT IN THE QUESTION OF CERTAINTY IS TRUTH
- THE CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE AND THE MEANS BY WHICH MAN IS ABLE TO KNOW
- RATIONALISM, EMPIRICISM, SKEPTICISM (MIND HAS IT LIMITS IN UNDERSTANDING REALITY)
- EPISTEMOLOGY DEALS WITH THE NATURE AND OF KNOWLEDGE (LIMITS AND VALIDITY)

HAVE YOU EXPERIENCED A SITUATION WHERE WHAT YOU BELIEVED TO BE TRUE TURNED OUT TO BE UNTRUE? HOW DID THIS EXPERIENCE AFFECT YOU?
CAUSALITY
(WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE CAUSE OF ALL THINGS? WHAT IS OUR PURPOSE IN THIS WORLD? TO WHAT EXTENT ARE OUR CHOICES AND ACTIONS CONSIDERED FREE?)

- REFERS TO THE IDEA THAT SOMETHING CAN CAUSE ANOTHER TO HAPPEN OR EXIST
- RELATED TO THE CONCEPT OF CAUSALITY ARE THE QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ORIGIN OF THINGS
- A THING’S PURPOSE OFTEN CONSIDERED ITS FINAL OR ULTIMATE CAUSE
- AGENCY (CAUSE) IS THE CAPACITY OF MAN TO GOVERN OR CONTROL HIS ACTIONS (FREE WILL OR CHOICE)
- DETERMINISM WHICH SHOWS EACH EVENT IS DETERMINED OR INFLUENCED BY A SPECIFIC SET OF EVENTS OR FACTORS.
- ETIOLOGY STUIDIES CAUSALITY; TELEOLOGY DEAL WITH THE QUESTION OF PURPOSE
 ANALYZE SOME OF THE CHOICES THAT YOU HAVE MADE IN YOU
LIFE BY CLASSIFYING THEM USING THE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER.
MY CHOICES

MY OWN DECISION INFLUENCED BY OTHERS

BASED ON THE NATURE OF YOUR CHOICES, CAN YOU SAY THAT YOU
ARE A TOTALLY FREE PERSON?
ETHICS
(HOW SHOULD ONE LIVE HIS OR HER LIFE? WHAT IS THE RIGHT COURSE OF ACTION IN THE FACE OF PROBLEM AND DILEMMAS?)

- DEALS WITH THE STANDARDS OF RIGHT AND WRONG WHICH DEFINE HUMAN BEHAVIOR
- AS A FIELD OF STUDY DISCUSSES AND DEFINE CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES WHICH ARE MEANT TO GOVERN REASONING AND ACTION.
- ”GREATER GOOD”, DUTY, OBLIGATIONS, AND VIRTUE
- THIS OR MORAL PHILOSOPHY IS THE BRANCH THAT SEEKS TO APPLY AND ANALYSE THESE CONCEPTS IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS, CONTEXTS, AND CULTURES, AND
RECOMMENDS GUIDELINES THAT WILL GOVERN THE DECISIONS AND ACTIONS OF PEOPLE.
 METHODS AND TOOLS USED TO CONDUCT STUDIES

SYSTEMATIC DOUBT – EACH ASPECT OF THE TOPIC IN QUESTION IS ANALYSED TO DETERMINE ITS VALIDITY OR TRUTHFULNESS.

ARGUMENT – ENGAGE IN DISCUSSION AND DEBATE ON THEIR IDEAS. VARIUOS PERSPECTIVES ON A TOPIC ARE TAKEN INTO
CONSIDERATION AND EXAMINED.

DIALECTIC – VARIED AND DIFFERING IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES ARE ANALYZED AND FROM THE INFORMATION GATHERED, NEW IDEAS
AND VIEWS ARE FORMULATED.
 METHODS AND PROBLEM SOLVING DEVICES
SOCRATIC METHOD – ANALYZING A TOPIC BY FORMULATING A SERIES OF QUESTIONS DESIGNED TO ANALYZE ITS
VARIOUS ASPECTS, AND EXAMINE AND CLARIFY A PERSON’S VIEWS ON IT.

AXIOMS – REFER TO ASSUMPTIONS WHICH ARE TAKEN FOR GRANTED IN A PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION. IT
PROVIDES A FOUNDATION AND DIRECTION IN PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES.
 OCCAM’S RAZOR – A PROBLEM SOLVING DEVICE
USED IN ANALYZING POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS REGARDING A PHENOMENON. IT STATES THAT AMONG
POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS, THE ONE WHICH HAS THE LEAST ASSUMPTIONS IS THE MOST ACCEPTABLE

FORMAL LOGIC – A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE VALIDITY OF ARGUMENTS AND STATEMENTS. USE OF
SYLLOGISMS OR LOGICAL ARGUMENTS PRESENTED AS A SERIES OF RELATED STATEMENTS. OTHER TYPES
OF LOGIC EMPLOY SYMBOLS, MATHEMATICS, AND LANGUAGE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN THEIR ANALYSIS.
 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT AND ALLEGORY –
THESE ARE IMAGINED SCENARIOS USED TO
ILLUSTRATE A CERTAIN PROBLEM OR
DESCRIBE A THEORY.
PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY IN OUR LIVES
1. PHILOSOPHY REQUIRES TO ENGAGE IN ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS, ARGUMENTS, AND PROBLEMS.
2. PROBLEM-SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING ARE IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN LIFE WHICH CAN BENEFIT FROM A KNOWLEDGE OF
PHILOSOPHY.
3. A PHILOSOPHER IS ALSO A GOOD COMMUNICATOR WHO CAN CLEARLY AND ADEQUATELY PRESENT HIS OR HER IDEAS.
4. WISDOM
5. KNOWLEDGE OF PHILOSOPHY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SELF DEVELOPMENT.
 ACTIVITY

SELECT AN ISSUE OR TOPIC CURRENTLY

DISCUSSED IN THE NEWS OR SOCIAL
MEDIA. CONDUCT A PANEL DISCUSSION
AND APPLY PHILOSOPHICAL METHODS
AND PERSPECTIVES IN ANALYZING
YOUR SELECTED.
 JOURNAL # 2

REFLECT:
WHICH ASPECTS OF YOUR LIFE
CAN GREATLY BENEFIT FROM
PHILOSOPHY?
IN WHAT WAY DO YOU SEE
PHILOSOPHY CONTRIBUTING TO
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE
SOCIETY?
PRE-PERFORMANCE TASK ACTIVITY:
CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW TO 5 TEACHERS AND 5 STUDENTS ABOUT THEIR CONCEPT OF TRUTH
AND CRITERIA ON KNOWING THE TRUTH.
 LESSON 3
DETERMINING
TRUTH
TRUTH
TRUE IN ACCORDANCE WITH FACT OR
REALITY.

A FACT OR BELIEF THAT IS ACCEPTED

AS TRUE.

A FACT OR PRINCIPLE THAT IS

THOUGHT TO BE TRUE BY MOST
PEOPLE.
CONCEPTS OF TRUTH
JUSTIFIED, TRUE BELIEF
IT MEANS THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE BECAUSE YOU BELIEVE IT TO BE TRUE, AND THAT THERE IS JUSTIFICATION FOR SUCH BELIEF.
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
– SOMETHING IS TRUE IF IT CORRESPONDS TO REALITY OR THE ACTUAL STATE OF AFFAIRS. THIS THEORY ASSUMES A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN IDEA
AND REALITY AND THAT A STATEMENT CAN BE TAKEN AS “FACT”.

EX.
“A MAMMAL IS AN ANIMAL WHICH IS WARM BLOODED, HAS HAIR, AND FEED ITS YOUNG WITH MILK.”

“A DOG BARKS”

“PIGS CAN FLY”

COHERENCE THEORY
– PROPOSES THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF IT MAKES SENSE WHEN PLACED IN A CERTAIN SITUATION OR CONTEXT.
- THERE IS A POSIBILITY THAT THERE WILL BE VARIED TRUTHS FROM DIFFERENT PERPECTIVES.
- AN IDEA OR STATEMENT IS TRUE BECAUSE IT MAKES SENSE IN ITS OWN CONTEXT, AND THAT IT HAS A CERTAIN DEGREE OF
CONSISTENCY WHICH RENDERS IT TRUTHFUL.

EX.
POPE FRANCIS SAYS ABORTION IS AN ACCEPTABLE PRACTICE FOR CATHOLICS
CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
- HOLDS THAT KNOWLEDGE IS SHAPED BY SOCIAL FORCES AND INFLUENCED BY CULTURE AND HISTORY.
-WHAT IS TRUE, OR WHAT A PERSON CONSIDERS TRUE, IS SHAPED BY HIS SOCIETY AND CULTURE.

EX.
MARRIAGE

PHIL – FOUNDATION OF NATION – NO DIVORCE

WESTERN COUNTRIES – CONTRACT BETWEEN TWO CONSENTING ADULTS – CAN BE NULLIFIED THROUGH LAWFUL MEANS
CONSENSUS THEORY
- VIEWS KNOWLEDGE AS BASED ON AGREEMENT, AND THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF ALMOST EVERYONE
AGREES THAT IT IS TRUE.
- Certain beliefs, traditions, and practices are often the product of consensus as they may be imposed by influential groups or
institutions such as government or religious organization.
PRAGMATIC THEORY
- HOLDS THE VIEW THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF WE CAN PUT IT INTO PRACTICE OR IS
USEFUL IN REAL LIFE
- BELIEVES THAT IDEAS SHOULD BE CONTINUALLY TESTED TO CONFIRM THEIR VALIDITY.
THINGS WE NEED TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE TRUTH
FALLACIES – THE USE OF INVALID OR OTHERWISE FAULTY REASONING, OR WRONG MOVES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN
ARGUMENT.

BIAS – PREJUDICE IN FAVOUR OF OR AGAINST ONE THING, PERSON, OR GROUP COMPARED WITH ANOTHER, USUALLY IN A WAY
CONSIDERED TO BE UNFAIR.
 FALLACIES
FALLACY CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLE
S
Ad hominem Attacking the person “Of course, he believes
making the argument that the government is
instead of the argument flawed. He is a rebel and
itself Communist!”
Appeal to force Using the threat of force “If these peace agreement
or an undesirable event to will not be signed by the
advance an argument government, then we will
have no recourse but to go
to war.”
 FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS
Appeal to Emotion Using emotions such as
pity or sympathy
Appeal to the popular The idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of
people accept it
Appeal to tradition The idea is acceptable
because it has been true for
a long time
Begging the question Assuming the thing or idea
to be proven is true; also
known as “circular
argument”
EXAMPLE
“All these charges are
baseless; this is just plain
harassment – can’t you see
how this is affecting my
family?
“Every boy your age
already has a girlfriend,
you should go and find
one.’
“I have the right to free
speech, therefore you
cannot stop me from
talking.”
 FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS
Cause and Effect Assuming a “cause-and-
effect” relationship between
unrelated events
Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true
for a part is true for the
whole
Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true
for the whole is true for its
parts
EXAMPLE
“Ever since you bought that
sweater, everything has been
going wrong in your life.
You should get rid of it.”
“These cases of robberies in
this district have convinced
me that the city has become
a den of thieves and
criminals.”
“You come from a family of
doctors and intellectual!
Surely you can do better in
this course!”
 BIAS
BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a person’s “These soldiers who fought
attribution effect personality by his or her in the war are all
actions, without regard for bloodthirsty murderers!”
external factors or influences
Confirmation bias Tendency to look for and “How can I accept his view
readily accept information that there is no God? I am a
which fits with one’s own Christian!”
beliefs or views and to reject
ideas or views that foes
against it.
 BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE
Framing Focusing on a certain aspect “Preliminary evidences have
of a problem while ignoring still not pointed out the
other aspects actual cause of the plane
crash, but investigation are
currently focusing on the
possibility of pilot error.”

Hindsight The tendency to see past “Magellan’s assault on

events as predictable, or to
ascribe a pattern to historical
events.
Mactan Island was a
foolhardy venture, made by
an overconfident, careless
man who underestimated the
valor of the native Filipino.”
 BIAS CHARACTERISTICS
Conflict of Interest A person or group is
connected to or has a vested
interest in the issue being
discussed.
Cultural Bias Analyzing an event or issue
based on one’s cultural
standards
EXAMPLE
“As the daughter of the
accused believe I have the
right to express my opinion
on the issue of his alleged
corrupt practices.”
“I do not agree with his
Western practice of placing
aged parents in retirement
homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family members.”
CHOOSE WHICH CONCEPT OF
TRUTH IS BEING DESCRIBED:

COHERENCE
CORRESPONDENCE
CONSTRUCTIVIST
PRAGMATIC
CONSENSUS
1. VIEWS KNOWLEDGE AS BASED ON AGREEMENT, AND
THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF ALMOST EVERYONE
AGREES THAT IT IS TRUE.
2. SOMETHING IS TRUE IF IT CORRESPONDS TO
REALITY OR THE ACTUAL STATE OF AFFAIRS. THIS
THEORY ASSUMES A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
AN IDEA AND REALITY AND THAT A STATEMENT CAN BE
TAKEN AS “FACT”.
3. WHAT IS TRUE, OR WHAT A PERSON CONSIDERS
TRUE, IS SHAPED BY HIS SOCIETY AND CULTURE.
4. PROPOSES THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF IT MAKES
SENSE WHEN PLACED IN A CERTAIN SITUATION OR
CONTEXT.
5. HOLDS THE VIEW THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE IF WE
CAN PUT IT INTO PRACTICE OR IS USEFUL IN REAL
LIFE.
Choose which type of FALLACY is being showed in the following
situation.

a. Ad hominem e. Cause and Effect

b. Appeal to force f. Fallacy of division
c. Appeal to the popular g. Appeal of tradition
d. Fallacy of division
6. “Women should stay at home and take care of
their children. It has been their duty before, and it
should remain today and in the future.”
7. “You like all the songs of that singer that’s why
you keep on making the same mistakes in life like
him.”
8. “All of my friends bought the same brand of cell
phone, I should get one too.”
9. “Phoebe will always be there for you because
she’s a martyr!”
10. “Her relatives stole our land I won’t be surprised
 JOURNAL # 3

REFLECT:
HOW CAN THE PROCESS OF
DETERMINING THE TRUTH HELP
US IN OUR SEARCH FOR
KNOWLEDGE?
ACTIVITY: FIND EXAMPLES
OF FALLACIES AND BIASES
FROM MEDIA AND OTHER
SOURCES. WRITE ATLEAST
3 EXAMPLES.
 LESSON 4
THE HUMAN
PERSON
 HOW DOES THE PHILOSOPHY VIEW THE NATURE OF MAN?
MAN IS A GENERAL TERM WHICH COMMONLY USED TO REFER TO THE ENTIRE HUMAN RACE.
HUMAN REFERS TO MAN AS A SPECIES
PERSON REFERS TO HUMAN BEING GRANTED RECOGNITION OF CERTAIN RIGHTS, PROTECTION AND RESPONSIBILITIES.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

•PRODUCT OF EVOLUTION
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
• PSYCHE REFERS TO THE HUMAN MIND
AND IS DIVIDED INTO THE CONSCIOUS
AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND
• RATIONALITY OR STATE OF BEING
REASONABLE
• INTELLIGENCE
ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
•THE ABILITY TO ENGAGE IN
PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES IN AN
EFFORT TO MEET HIS WANTS AND
NEEDS.
 THEOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
• CONSIDERS MAN AS GOD’S
CREATION
• HIS ULITMATE DESTINY IS PART OF A
DIVINE PLAN
 HOW DOES PHILOSOPHY
DEFINE THE HUMAN
PERSON?
• HUMAN PERSON REFERS TO THE INDIVIDUAL, AND ALL
ATTRIBUTES AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT SET HIM OR
HER APART FORM OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.
• MOST UNIQUE TRAIT OF HUMANS IS AWARENESS OF
SELF
• (SENTIENCE –THE ABILITY TO FEEL AND EXPERIENCE)
 VARIOUS VIEWS OF THE
SELF
• THE SELF AS INNATE – HOLD THAT THE SELF IS AN
ESSENTIAL PART OF HUMAN BEING, AND SELF
AWARENESS IS NATURAL AND INNATE.
• THE SELF AS EMERGENT – HOLDS THAT AWARENESS OF
THE SELF IS GAINED THROUGH INTERACTION WITH THE
WORLD AND OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.
• THE SELF A S INTEGRATED AND DEVELOPING – HOLD
THAT THE SELF IS COMPOSED OF VARIED ELEMENTS THAT
PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION ON
THE PERSON HAS LED TO
VARIED NOTIONS WHICH
JUSTIFY THE RECOGNITION OF
PERSONHOOD
 THE PERSON AS AN “AUTONOMOUS BEING”
This view asumes that man possesses reason, the capacity for reflection, and the ability to engage in decision making.

THE PERSON AS A “UNIFIED INDIVIDUAL”

This vies asserts that the human being has the inherent capacity to functions as a person. It emphasizes the potential of the human being and recognizes that each human possesses the means to
achieve his or her capabilities.

THE PERSON IN RELATION TO OTHERS

This view asserts that a human being becomes a person through interactions with other human beings.
 LESSON 5:
PHILOSOPHY AND
SPIRITUALITY &
MAN AND HIS
ENVIRONMENT
 PHILOSOPHY
AND
SPIRITUALITY
 SPIRITUALITY
THE QUALITY OF BEING CONCERNED WITH THE HUMAN SPIRIT OR SOUL AS OPPOSED TO MATERIAL OR PHYSICAL THINGS.

HAS TO DO WITH THE SPIRIT, NOT AS IN GHOSTS, BUT AS IN THE ESSENCE OF BEING HUMAN — YOUR SOUL OR YOUR
INNER LIFE.
 WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN SOUL
AND SPIRIT?
 THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF
HUMANITY’S BEING; IT IS WHO WE
ARE. THE SPIRIT IS THE
IMMATERIAL PART OF HUMANITY
THAT CONNECTS WITH GOD.
 VIEWS ABOUT THE SPIRIT OF ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

PLATO BELIEVED THAT THE HUMAN SPIRIT IS COMPOSED OF 3 PARTS: LOGOS (THE MIND OR REASON), THYMOS (EMOTION),
AND EROS (DESIRE).
 ARISTOTLE REGARDED THE
SOUL AS INTEGRATED INTO
THE HUMAN BODY; THE SOUL
IS A PART OF MAN’S ESSENCE
WHICH ENABLES HIM TO
ACHIEVE HIS ULTIMATE
PURPOSE.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MIND AND THE BODY

THE MIND AND BODY PROBLEM – CONSIDERS THE QUESTION OF HOW THE MENTAL OR NONPHYSICAL ARE ABLE TO
INTERACT WITH THE PHYSICAL BODY, AND THE MEANS BY WHICH THEY INTERACT AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER.

PHYSICALISM – PHYSICAL PROCESS AND THOUGHTS ARE THE ONLY REALITY

IDEALISM – HOLDS THAT THE MENTAL PROCESS
AND THOUGHTS ARE THE ONLY REALITY.

MONISM – ARGUES THAT THE HUMAN BEING IS

COMPOSED OF ELEMENTS THAT ARE NEITHER
PHYSICAL NOR MENTAL.

DUALISM – BELIEVES IN THE DISTINCTIVENESS

OF THE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL NATURE OF
MAN.
HOW DOES THE SPIRIT DEFINE THE NATURE OF MAN?

TRICHOTOMIC VIEW – MANS IS COMPOSED OF 3 ESSENTIAL PARTS; MIND, BODY, AND SPIRIT.

DICHOTOMIC VIEW – GIVES NO DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE SPIRIT AND SOUL AND VIEWS MAN AS BEING COMPOSED OF BODY AND
SPIRIT.

PSYCHOSOMATIC UNITY – ASSERT THAT MAN IS OF A SINGLE OR UNITARY CONSTITUTION, AND THAT THE BODY AND THE SPIRIT ARE
INSEPARABLE AND INTEGRATED.
IF THE SPIRIT EXISTS, DOES GOD EXIST?

GOD IS ACKNOWLEDGE AS THE SUPREME BEING WHICH GOVERN ALL EXISTENCE, AND THE CENTER OF FAITH AND DEVOTION OF A RELIGION.

THEISM IS THE BELIEF IN THE EXISTENCE OF GOD AND OR SEVERAL DEITIES

MONOTHEISM BELIEVES IN A SINGLE GOD.
AGNOSTICISM IS THE VIEW WHICH CONSIDERS METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTS SUCH AS GOD TO BE INHERENTLY UNKNOWABLE.
ATHEISM IS THE REJECTION OR NON BELIEF IN THE EXISTENCE OF GOD OR ANY DEITY.
 MAN AND HIS
ENVIRONMENT
 ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY IS THE BRANCH OF
PHILOSOPHY THAT IS CONCERNED WITH THE NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT AND HUMANITY’S PLACE WITHIN IT.
ANTHROPOCENTRICISM IS THE BELIEF THAT HUMANS ARE THE CENTRAL AND MOST SIGNIFICANT SPECIES ON
THE PLANET.

DEEP ECOLOGY SEES THE NATURAL WORLD AS BEING MAINTAINED BY THE INTERRELATIONSHIP AMONG
LIVING ORGANISMS AND THAT EVERY LIVING THING ON THE PLANET IS DEPENDENT ON EACH OTHER FOR
SURVIVAL.
HOW DO PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW INFLUENCE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION?

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
- ALL NON HUMAN ELEMENTS OF THE WORLD INCLUDING ANIMALS AND NATURAL RESOURCES, HAVE INTRINSIC VALUE AND
SHOULD BE PRESERVED
- THE PRESERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IS BENEFICIAL FOR HUMANS, AS IT WILL CONTINUE TO PROVIDE FOR THE
PRESENT AND FUTURE GENERATIONS.
- MAN HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO SAFEGUARD THE PLANET AS IT HAS BEEN ENTRUSTED TO HIM BY GOD.
SOCIAL ECOLOGY – APPLIES AN ECOLOGICAL
AND ETHICAL APPROACH IN ANALYSING
SOCIETY, AND SEES A RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS.

CLIMATE ETHICS AND CLIMATE JUSTICE –

CONSIDER CLIMATE CHANGE A SIGNIFICANT
ETHICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL ISSUE.
 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE – FAIR
DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFITS, AS WELL AS THE BURDEN OF
MEETING ENVIRONMENTAL
CHALLENGES.
JOURNAL # 5

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE, IN YOUR

OPINION, SHOULD BE PRIORITIZED BY
HUMANKIND?

2. WHAT CONCRETE STEPS CAN YOU TAKE IN

YOUR LIFE TO SHOW YOUR CONCERN FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT?
 LESSON 6
FREEDOM
 “THE POWER OR RIGHT
TO ACT, SPEAK, OR THINK
AS ONE WANTS WITHOUT
HINDRANCE OR
RESTRAINT.”
FREEDOM ENTAILS THE RECOGNITION
OF CERTAIN RIGHTS

NATURAL RIGHTS – RIGHTS WHICH ARE

INNATE IN THE PERSON SUCH AS THE
RIGHT TO LIFE.

LEGAL RIGHTS – RIGHTS WHICH ARE

BASED ON SOCIETY’S CUSTOMS AND
LAWS, AND ARE ENACTED BY
LEGISLATION AND ENFORCED BY A
GOVERNMENT.
 POLITICAL FREEDOM HAS
TWO TYPES OF LIBERTIES
• POSITIVE LIBERTY REFERS TO A PERSON
TAKING CONTROL OF HIS OR HER OWN
LIFE AND FULFILLING ONE’S POTENTIAL.
• NEGATIVE LIBERTY IS THE FREEDOM FROM
EXTERNAL RESTRAINT, BARRIERS, OTHER
INTERFERENCES FROM OTHER PEOPLE.
 POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES
• LIBERALISM UPHOLD THE PRESERVATION OF
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND STRESSES THE ROLE OF THE
GOVERNMENT IN PROTECTING CIVIL LIBERTIES.
• LIBERTARIANISM BELIEVES THAT INDIVIDUAL, NOT
THE GOVERNMENT, IS THE BEST JUDGE IN
UPHOLDING AND EXERCISING RIGHTS.
• SOCIALISM CONSIDERS FREEDOM AS THE FREEDOM
TO ACQUIRE ECONOMIC RESOURCES AND THE
ABILITY TO WORK AND ACT ACCORDING TO ONE’S
DESIRE.
 WHAT MAKES US FREE? HOW DOES
FREEDOM SHAPE OUR EXPERIENCE?
• HUMAN AGENCY WHICH REFERS TO THE CAPACITY OF A
PERSON TO ACT AND EXERT CONTROL OVER HIS OR HER
BEHAVIOR.
HUMAN FREEDOM IS EXPRESSED IN TWO WAYS:
• FREE WILL WHICH IS THE CAPACITY TO CHOOSE FROM
ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION OR DECISION.
• FREE ACTION IS THE FREEDOM TO PERFORM AN ACTION
WITHOUT ANY OBSTACLES OR HINDRANCES.
 DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THE NATURE OF
FREE WILL AND HOW IT INFLUENCES
HUMAN ACTION:
• FACULTIES MODEL REFERS TO FREE WILL AS THE USE
OF OUR MENTAL FACULTIES. (BASED ON RATIONALITY AND SOUND
JUDGEMENT)

• HIERARCHICAL MODEL ARGUES THAT FREE WILL IS

BASED ON HUMAN WANT AND DESIRES.
• REASON-RESPONSIVE VIEW BELIEVES THAT MAN HAS
FREE WILL BECAUSE HE OR SHE IS ABLE TO ENTERTAIN
REASONS NOT TO ENACT A CERTAIN DECISION AND ACT
UPON THEM WHEN THE NEED ARISES.
WHAT CAN PREVENT US FROM EXERCISING
OUT FREEDOM?

• PROHIBITIONS, LAWS, OTHER SOCIAL CONTROLS

IMPOSED BY SOCIETY
• DISABILITY OR SICKNESS, OR BY COERCION
EXERTED BY ANOTHER PERSON.
• WEATHER, ACCIDENTS, OR POVERTY
• MANIPULATION AND BRAINWASHING
 HOW CAN WE EFFECTIVELY EXERCISE
FREEDOM IN OUR LIFE?

•CONCEPT OF MORAL
RESPONSIBILITY
•CONTROL AND REGULATION ARE
NECESSARY ELEMENTS IN THE
RESPONSIBLE EXERCISES OF
 WHICH DO YOU BELIEVE IS MORE
IMPORTANT?

•INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM OR THE

GENERAL WELFARE OF SOCIETY?
 JOURNAL # 6

GUIDE QUESTIONS
• IN WHAT SITUATIONS CAN FREEDOM BE ABUSED? IN THOSE CASES, WOULD IT
BE ACCEPTABLE TO RESTRICT THOSE FREEDOM?
• HOW CAN WE USE OUR FREE WILL TO ENSURE THAT OUR ACTION ARE
MORALLY RESPONSIBLE?
• IN WHAT SITUATIONS CAN A PERSON BE ABSOLVED OF MORAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR HIS OR HER ACTIONS?

MASTERY TEST TOMORROW (9/6/2017

LESSON 5&6
LESSON 7
MAN AND
SOCIETY
NO MAN IS AN ISLAND
(BY JOHN DONNER)

NO MAN IS AN ISLAND ENTIRE OF SELF; EVERY MAN

IS A PIECE OF THE CONTINENT, A PART OF THE MAIN;
IF A CLOD BE WASHED AWAY BY THE SEA, EUROPE
IS THE LESS, AS WELL AS IF PROMONTORY WERE, AS
WELL AS ANY MANNER OF THY FRIENDS OR OF THINE
OWN WERE; ANY MAN’S DEATH DIMINISHES ME,
BECAUSE I AM INVOLVED IN MANKIND.
AND THEREFORE NEVER SEND TO KNOW FOR WHOM
THE BELLS TOLLS; IT TOLLS FOR THEE.

1. WHAT IS THE POEM TALKING ABOUT?

2. WHAT DOES IT SAY ABOUT THE HUMAN PERSON?
3. DO YOU AGREE WITH THE POEM? WHY OR WHY NOT?
INTERSUBJECTIVI
TY
“SHARED AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING AMONG
PERSON”
 HOW DOES AN INDIVIDUAL RELATE WITH
OTHER PERSON?

EXISTENTIALIST: INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

AS THE ‘SELF’ BEING AWARE OF THE ‘OTHER’
(LEVEL)
• (SIMPLE) AWARENESS OF THE EXISTENCE OF
THE OTHER.
• (DEEP) AWARENESS OF THE SELF AS BEING
SEEN BY THE OTHERS
 MARTIN BUBER
• SEEMING – WHERE AN INDIVIDUAL PRESENTS
HIMSELF OR HERSELF IN A CERTAIN WAY WHEN
DEALING WITH OTHERS.
• DIALOGUE – REFERS TO A GENUINE RELATIONSHIP
ESTABLISHED AMONG OTHERS.
* WHEN TWO INDIVIDUALS BEGIN TO VIEW EACH
OTHER AS AN OTHER- THAT IS, TRULY
ACKNOWLEDGING EACH OTHER’S PRESENCE- THEN
THAT IS THE BEGINNING OF AN AUTHENTIC
RELATIONSHIP AND A DIALOGUE.
 HOW DO RELATIONSHIPS DEFINE THE HUMAN
PERSON?

• HUMAN RELATIONSHIP ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY OF

KNOWLEDGE, SHAPE THE KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH WITHIN A CERTAIN
SOCIETY.
• SHARED EXPERIENCE BETWEEN PERSONS CAN SHAPED BY THE VIEWS OF
PEOPLE HE OR SHE IS WITH.
• IT IS IMPORTANT FOR HUMAN TO PURSUE AND ACHIEVE GENUINE
RELATIONSHIPS TO ATTAIN DEVELOPMENT.
~ EDITH STEIN DEFINES SELF-OTHER RELATIONSHIP AS BEING DRIVEN BY
EMPATHY.
~ GABRIEL MARCEL DEFINES GENUINE RELATIONSHIP BASED ON
AVAILABILITY OR THE WILLINGNESS OF A PERSON TO BE PRESENT AND BE AT
 MAN
AND
SOCIETY
SOCIETY
REFERS TO A LARGE, INDEPENDENT, AND ORGANIZED GROUP OF PEOPLE
LIVING IN THE SAME TERRITORY AND SHARING A COMMON CULTURE
AND HERITAGE.
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF
SOCIETY
•HUNTING AND GATHERING
•AGRICULTURAL
•INDUSTRIAL
•MODERN (VIRTUAL SOCIETIES)
 VIEWS ABOUT THE EMERGENCE OF HUMAN
SOCIETY
THOMAS HOBBES JOHN LOCKE JEAN JACQUES
ROUSSEAU
SOCIAL CONTRACT CONSENT GENERAL WILL
GOVERNED
AN AGREEMENT A COVENANT PEOPLE ORGANIZED
WHERE INDIVIDUAL AMONG SOCIETY AND
SACRIFICE SOME OF INDIVIDUALS TO ESTABLISHED AN
THEIR WANTS AND COOPERATE AND AUTHORITY OR
SUBMIT TO A HIGHER SHARE THE BURDEN GOVERNMENT , IN
AUTHORITY UHOLDING THE EXTREME CASES,
WELFARE OF THE THE GOVERNMENT
SOCIETY. IS ABLE TO IMPOSE
ITS WILL ON THE
HOW DOES SOCIETY INFLUENCE THE PERSON?
• THROUGH SOCIALIZATION A PERSON ADOPTS A SET OF IDEALS AND
BEHAVIOR APPROPRIATE WITHIN HIS OR HER SOCIETY. (BEHAVIORS,
ATTITUDES, VALUES)
~ INSTITUTIONS (FAMILY, COMMUNITY, SCHOOL, GOVERNMENT,
CHURCH, MASS MEDIA)
• WE ARE ALSO ASSIGNED CERTAIN ROLES BASED ON OUR SOCIAL
STATUS, GENDER AND OTHER TRAITS.
~ SOCIAL ROLES ENTAILS A SET OF EXPECTED BEHAVIORS THAT MUST
BE PERFORMED BY A PERSON.
~ PEOPLE WHO BELONG TO A SPECIFIC SOCIAL GROUP TEND TO BEHAVE
A CERTAIN WAY.
 JOURNAL # 7

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
• WHAT TRANSFORMATIONS INSOCIAL VALUES
OR TRADITIONS HAVE YOU WITTNESSED IN
YOUR LIFETIME?
• WHAT IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FACTOR
THAT INFLUENCES CHANGES IN OUR
PRESENT SOCIETY?
 LESSON 8
HAPPINESS
AND
SUFFERING
HAPPINES
S
PLATO ARISTOTLE EPICUREANS ST. AUGUSTINE & ST.
THOMAS AQUINAS

-LIVING A -PRIMARY -A LIFE OF -UNION WITH

MORAL LIFE REASON FOR PEACE THAT IS GOD
-PRACTICING HUMAN FREE FROM
VIRTUES ACTION FEAR AND
-FULFILLING -THROUGH THE DISCOMFORT
PERSONAL PRACTICE OF
DUTIES VIRTUES
-CONTROLLING -
ONE’S DESIRES ACCUMULATIO
N OF
ACHIEVEMENT
S
UTILITARIANISM CONTEMPORARY
PHILOSOPHERS
GREATEST HAPPINESS WHOLE LIFE SATISFACTION
PRINCIPLE A PESRON IS ABLE TO
A PERSON’S ACTIONS ARE EVALUATE HIS OR HER
CONSIDERED MORAL OR EXPERIENCE AND
DESIRABLE WHEN THEY DETERMINE HIS OR HER
PRODUCE THE GREATEST LEVEL OF SATISFACTION
HAPPINESS FOR OTHER WITH HOW HE OR HE HAS
PEOPLE. LIVED.
SOCIETY SHOULD PROMOTE
ACTIVITIES OR ACTIONS
THAT PRODUCE THE
GREATEST HAPPINESS OR
SATISFACTION FOR ITS
WLADYSLAW RICHARD WAYNE
TATARKIEWICZ BRANT SUMEMER
SATISFACTION BASED ON A TOTAL ONE MUST BE ABLE
WITH ONE’S LIFE AS LIFE PATTERN-A TO LOOK BACK AT
A WHOLE PERSON SHOULD PAST EXPERIENCES
NOT ONLY BE AND HAVE A
SATISFIED WITH POSITIVE
THE LIFE HE OR SHE EVALUATION OF HIS
LIVED, BUT MUST OR HER CONDITION.
ALSO FEEL
CONSTANT JOY AND
ENTHUSIASM IN
LIFE.
THREE DISTINCT ELEMENT
OF HAPPINESS
• CONTENTMENT (SATISFACTION IN ONE’S LIFE)
• WELFARE (SATISFACTION OFF A PERON’S WANTS
AND DESIRES
• DIGNITY (ABILITY TO CONTROL AND DEFINE
ONE’S DESTINY, AND THE FREEDOM TO LIVE A LIFE
OF ONE’S CHOOSING.)
HOW CAN ONE
LIVE A HAPPY
LIFE?
 ARISTOTLE EPICUREANS THEOLOGEANS
A PERSON MUST HAPPINESS IS HAPPINESS CAN BE
PLAN HIS OR HER POSSIBLE IF ONE FOUND IN THE
ACTIVITIES, AND ENJOYS THE AFTERLIFE WHEN
FORM A SET OF SIMPLE THE SPIRIT
LIFE GOALS TO PLEASURES OF REUNITES WITH
ACHIEVE A LIFE AND GOD.
WORTHWHILE COMMITS A LIFE
LIFE. OF VIRTUE. THE
A PERSON MUST DESIRES OF
SET WORTHWHILE WEALTH AND
GOALS THAT WILL STATUS ARE
BENEFIT THE MERELY
SOCIETY. ARTIFICIAL GOALS
AND SHOULD NOT
JEREMY BENTHAM IMMANUEL KANT PSYCHOLOGISTS
ACHIEVED ACHIEVING A HAPPY LIFE IS
THROUGH WISE HAPPINESS IS BEING ABLE TO
DECISION MAKING. IMPOSSIBLE DEAL WITH
CAFEFUL BECAUSE OF THE UNHAPPINESS.
THOUGHT IN EVER CHANGING HAVING A SENSE
ENGAGING IN NATURE OF MAN’S OF PURPOSE AND
ACTIVITIES AND DESIRES. ENGAGING IN
SHOULD ONLY HUMAN SHOULD MEANING FUL
PURSUE THOSE NOT BE DEFINED ACITIVITIES TO
THAT ARE MOST BY HAPPINESS BUT ACHIEVE SENSE OF
WORTHWHILE TO RATHER FULFILLMENT AND
SOCIETY. GOODWILL. SATISFACTION
SUFFERING
 SUFFERING REFERS TO AN EXPERIENCE OF UNPLEASANT, DISCOMFORT, AND PAIN.

PHYSICAL SUFFERING REFERS TO PHYSICAL SENSATIONS SUCH AS DISCOMFORT, HUNGER, DISTRESS, AND PAIN.

MENTAL SUFFERING ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL AND MENTAL STATES SUCH AS DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, FEAR, FEAR,
LONELINESS AND GRIEF.
 VARIOUS TERMS DEFINING SUFFERING
• WELTSCHMERZ – MAN’S REALIZATION THAT THE WORLD
CAN NEVER LIVE UP TO THE IDEAL, “PERFECT WORLD”
RESULTING TO FEELINGS OF SADNESS OR APATHY.
• ANGST – FEAR AND ANXIETY
EXISTENTIAL DREAD – CRISIS BROUGHT ABOUT WHEN A
PERSON BEGINS TO QUESTION HIS OR HER PURPOSE AND
REASON FOR BEING.
• ENNUI – FEELING OF WEARINESS AND DISCONTENT
BROUGHT ABOUT BY A LACK OF INTEREST OR INTENSE
 WHAT ROLE DOES SUFFERING PLAY IN
HUMAN LIFE?
SUFFERING AS AN UNDESIRABLE HUMAN CONDITION,
AND THAT HUMAN SEEKS PLEASURE TO AVOID PAIN
SCHOPENHAUER BUDDHISM HIDUISM
HUMAN SUFFERING IS SUFFERING IS
EXISTENCE IS CAUSED BY CLOSELY TIED TO
CHARACTERIZED DESIRE, AND THAT SPIRITUAL
BY SUFFERING SUFFERING WILL PROGRESS AND
CAUSED BY MAN’S ONLY END THAT ALL
INABILITY TO THROUGH THE SUFFERING ENDS
MEET HIS ELIMINATION OF WHEN A PERSON
UNLIMITED WANTS WORLDLY ATTAINS
AND DESIRES DESIRES. ENLIGHTENMENT.
 SUFFERING IS NECESSSARY TO HUMAN EXISTENCE. IT IS
ESSENTIAL BECAUSE IT DEFINES HUMAN EXISTENCE.
NIETZSCHE SEFLER THEOLOGIANS
CERTAIN FORMS OF ONE OF THE MANY SUFFERING IS A
SUFFERING CAN BE INTERRELATED CONSEQUENCE OF
BENEFICIAL AND ELEMENTS THAT FREE WILL, AND
CAN RESULT IN DEFINE THE THAT IS NECESSARY
PERSONAL GROWTH MEANING OF TO ACHIEVE MORAL
AND DEVELOPMENT. EXPERIENCES PERFECTION.
A TEST OF A THROUGHOUT LIFE. TO ACHIEVE A
PERSON’S WORTH. SUFFERING AND HIGHER MEANING
HAPPINESS GO OF LIFE.
HAND IN HAND.
 HOW SHOULD ONE FACE SUFFERING AND
ADVERSITIES IN LIFE?

• COPING – THE MEANS THAT A PERSON

EMPLOYS IN DEALING WITH DIFFICULT LIFE
SITUATIONS, AND INVOLVES A CONSCIOUS
EFFORT TO SOLVE PERSONAL AND
INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS.
EPICUREANS STOICS NIETZSCHE UTILITARIAN HUMANITARIANIS
M
SEEEKING ONE MUST A PERSON IN ORDER BENEVOLENC
ONLY FACE SHOULD TO E OR
PLEASURAB DIFFICULT FACE ALLEVIATE GOODWILL IS
LE THINGS IES IN LIFE DIFFICULTI SUFFERING, A SOURCE OF
IN LIFE AND WITH ES AND PEOPLE HAPPINES
AVOIDING FORTITUD TAKE SHOULD THAT EASES
THOSE E AND RESPONSIBI FOCUS ON THE
THAT PATIENCE LITY FOR ACTIONS SUFFERING IN
CAUSE IT. THAT ARE THIS WORLD.
HARM OR BENEFICIAL
PAIN TO SOCIETY.
 JOURNAL # 8

WRITE A LETTER OF SUPPORT AND

ENCOURAGEMENT TO A PERSON
WHO YOU KNOW IS UNDERGOING
DIFFICULTIES IN LIFE.
 LESSON 9
OUR ULTIMATE
FATE
 DEATH
THE END OF ALL BIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS, PARTICULARLY
THE CEASING OF ALL BRAIN
 HOW SHOULD ONE FACE DEATH AND LOSS?
GRIEF IS THE NATURAL REACTION TO DEATH AND DYING.
5 STAGES OF GRIEF
• DENIAL – THE PERSON EXPRESSES DISBELIEF REGARDING HIS OR HER
SITUATION.
• ANGER – THE PERSON EXPRESSES FRUSTRATION OFTEN THINKING THAT HE
OR SHE DO NOT DESERVE SUCH FATE.
• BARGAINING – A PERSON IS WILLING TO DO WHATEVER IT TAKES TO
SURVIVE.
• DEPRESSION – EXPERIENCES INTENSE SADNESS AND EXHIBITS DISINTEREST IN
LIFE.
• ACCEPTANCE – THE STAGE WHEN THE PERSON FINALLY ACCEPTS WHAT HAS
HAPPENED OR WILL HAPPEN.