Anatomy: Physiology:

Study of the structure of

Study of the body’s function
body parts
• Gross- large body structures • Cardiovascular
• Regional- all parts in • Renal
a specific region • Reproductive
• Developmental- structural • Neurophysiology
changes over a life time
• Embryology- developmental
changes that occur before birth

Complementarity of structure and function

• Atoms
• Molecules
• Organelles
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ Systems
• Organism
carbon DNA
atom molecule organelle

cell

tissue

organism

organ
system
organ
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation
• Reproduction
The sum total of the chemical processes
that occur in living organisms, resulting
in growth, production of energy,
elimination of waste material, etc.

• Anabolism- build up of complex

molecules
• Catabolism- break down of complex
molecules
 Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
All organisms must maintain a constant
internal environment to function properly
• Temperature
• pH
• Salinity
• Fluid levels
Relatively stable internal environment
Negative Feedback
vs
Positive Feedback
1.Receptor
2.Control center
3.Effector
 Negative Feedback
Body Temperature Regulation
 Negative Feedback
Blood Sugar Levels
 Positive Feedback
1 Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.

Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.

3 Released 2 Platelets
chemicals Positive adhere to site
attract more feedback and release
platelets. loop chemicals.

Feedback cycle ends

when plug is formed.

4 Platelet plug
forms.
Positive Feedback
Oxytocin
Moderate imbalance:
• Disease
• Disorder

Severe imbalance:
• Death
 Hair

Skin Nails

(a) Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3a
 Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Figure 1.3b
Skeletal
muscles

(c) Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression. Main-
tains posture, and produces heat.
Figure 1.3c
 Brain

Nerves
Spinal
cord

(d) Nervous System

As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3d
 Pineal gland

Pituitary
Thyroid gland
gland
Thymus

Adrenal
gland
Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.

Figure 1.3e
 Heart

Blood
vessels

(f) Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.

Figure 1.3f
Red bone
marrow
Thymus

Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct

Spleen

Lymph
nodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic stream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mounts
the attack against foreign substances
within the body.

Figure 1.3g
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Larynx Bronchus
Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchanges occur through
the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Figure 1.3h
Oral cavity
Esophagus

Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine

Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus

(i) Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable
units that enter the blood for
distribution to body cells. Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Figure 1.3i
 Kidney
Ureter

Urinary
bladder
Urethra

(j) Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3j
 Mammary
glands (in
breasts)

Prostate
gland

Ovary
Penis
Testis Ductus
deferens Uterine
Scrotum Uterus
tube
Vagina

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Figure 1.3k-l
Superior
Medial & Lateral
Frontal plane
oblique
Distal

Transverse
plane
Proximal

Posterior
Inferior
Midsagittal Anterior
plane
• Organs surrounded by double layer
membrane called serosa or serous
membrane
• Composed mostly of simple squamous
epithelia and a little connective tissue
• Filled with serous fluid- function reduce
friction
• Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both
secrete serous fluid
 Pericardial membrane

Parietal pericardium

Serous fluid

Visceral pericardium
 Pleural membrane

Parietal
pleura

Visceral
pleura

Serous fluid
 Peritoneal membrane

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal cavity
• pleurisyinflammation of pleura
• peritonitisinflammation of peritonea
• pericarditis inflammation of pericardia
 Nasal cavity

mouth
esophagus

bronchi

stomach
Synovial
membrane
Joint cavity
(containing synovial fluid)
• Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder
• Umbilical- sm and lg intestine
• Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas
• Right hypochondriac- liver
• Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas
• Right lumbar- large and small intestine
• Left lumbar- large and small intestine
• Right iliac- large intestine, cecum
• Left iliac- large intestine
Ancient Greece

Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.)

• Greek physician
• Diseases have natural causes
• Rejected view that disease caused by evil
spirits
• Believed that the brain was area of higher
thought and emotion, not heart
• Program for good health: rest, good
nutrition, and exercise.
• Started “Western Medicine”
 Hippocrates’ Four Humors
• Blood: considered to be made by the liver.

• Phlegm: associated with the lungs.

• Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder.

• Black bile: associated with the spleen.

 Imbalances of the
Humors Cause Disease
• Sanguine: Disease, excess blood

• Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm

• Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile

• Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile

Roman Times

Galen (130 - 200 A.D.)

• Anatomy & Physiology
• disease resulted from an internal
imbalance of the four humors
• Mistakes in understanding circulation
• Research based on ape dissection
• Textbook used for 1000 years
Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D.

• Sad time
• Little new knowledge
• Taboo against dissecting human
cadavers continued
• Avoided actual involvement
• Authority prevails
Renaissance
da Vinci(1452-1515)

• Anatomy & Physiology

Renaissance
Vesalius (1514-1564)
• Anatomy & Physiology
• Followed Galen’s
writings, but later found
he was wrong

Vesalius dissects a female

cadaver in his anatomy lab
Medieval Human Anatomy Before
Vesalius

A late thirteenth-century illustration of the venous system within the body.

Medieval Human Anatomy Before
Vesalius

This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a

surgeon and a monk.
Medieval Human Anatomy Before
Vesalius
Medieval Human Anatomy Before
Vesalius
Vesalius’ Images
Vesalius’ Images

The female pelvic anatomy. From

Vesalius's De Corporis Humani
Fabrica, 1543.
Microscope
 William Harvey
1578-1657
Discoveries
• Disproved Galen that blood not
made from the liver
• Heart is a pump not a suction
device
• Showed closed circuit circulation
• Showed existence of valves in
veins
Circulation
 Arteries,
Veins
&
Capillaries
 Leeches and Maggots make a comeback

A prescription leech at the 1600’s Medicine: Leeches

Harborview Medical Center
pharmacy.
Ultrasound
X Ray
Ct Scan

3D reconstruction of CT Scan.
Objects are packets of cocaine.
MRI
PET Scan
 Modern Technology

Pill cam Smartphone apps

 Inquiry
1. What are the four types of planes that may
be passed through the body?
2. Is the radius proximal to the humerus?
3. Is the esophagus anterior to the trachea?
4. Are the ribs superficial to the lungs?
5. Is the urinary bladder medial to the
ascending colon?
6. Is the sternum lateral to the descending
colon?
7. Distinguish between negative and positive
feedback.
 Inquiry
1. What is homeostasis?
2. What organs would you find in the left iliac
region?
3. Galen’s textbook was based on research of
______ not humans.
4. What did Velsalius discover?
5. Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, and Galileo invented
the____.
6. List 4 modern “non-evasive” technologies
that allow us to look in the body.
7. What are leeches and maggots used for?
8. The pericardium, pleura and peritoneum
refer to ________.