Chapter 2 - Positive Thinking - Vy - E - 2021

POSITIVE
THINKING
NGUYEN NGOC THUY VY
nguyenngocthuyvy.cs2@ftu.edu.vn
0909251889
Positive
attitude
Positive
CONTENT
thinking
Critical
thinking
2
1. THINKING
2. POSITIVE THINKING
CONTENT 3. THINKING TECHNIQUES
4. POSITIVE THINKING TECHNIQUES
3
◦ “I THINK
1. THINKING therefore
I AM”
◦ Rene Descartes
4
Thinking
1. THINKING The process of representing and manipulating
information in our mind.
6
INFORMATION INFORMATION
REPRESENTATION MANIPULATION
Mental images Problem solving
Words Decision making

1. THINKING
Concepts Creative activities
7
A mental picture or representation of an object or event.
Mental pictures consist of personal experiences of objects, persons or

situations, heard and felt.
MENTAL These mental pictures symbolize actual objects, experiences and activities.
IMAGES In thinking, we usually manipulate the images rather than the actual objects,
experiences or activities.
A mental image is not an actual or photographic representation.
Rather, it is a reconstruction of the object or event from memory.
8
MENTAL IMAGES
Are the objects in each pair the same or different?
9
10
11
MENTAL IMAGES
13
Words or language is the most efficient and developed vehicle
used for carrying out the process of thinking.
When a person reads, writes or hears words or sentences or
WORDS observes gesture in any language, one is stimulated to think.
Thus reading and writing of documents and literature also help
in stimulating and promoting the thinking process.
14
LANGUAGE
15
A concept is a general idea that stands for a general class and
represents the common characteristics of all objects or events of
this general class.
Concepts are mental categories we use for grouping objects,
events, and ideas.
CONCEPT
Concept, as a tool, economize the efforts in thinking.
Concepts also help us respond more quickly to events by
reducing the need for new learning each time we encounter a
familiar object or event.
17
CONCEPTS – MENTAL CATEGORIES
Apple Avocado
Pumpkin Olive
What makes a fruit a fruit?

18
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem solving is a cognitive process in which we

employ mental strategies to solve problems.
Mental/Cognitive strategies are sets of mental processes that are consciously
implemented to regulate thought processes and content in order to achieve goals
or solve problem.
20
PROBLEM SOLVING
Move only three of the dots to turn the upward-facing triangle

into the downward-facing one.
21
PROBLEM SOLVING
Emily and Sophia played six games of chess,

and each of them won four.
There were no ties.
How is that possible?
22
PROBLEM SOLVING
How would you handle a situation where you noticed your

supervisor made an error in a report or presentation?
23
DECISION MAKING
“What should I wear today?”

“What should I have for dinner?”
“What should I major in?”
“Should I date that person?
“Should I get married?”
“Should I join that company?”
24
DECISION MAKING
Decision making is a form of problem solving in which we
must select a course of action from among the available
alternatives.
We should only make Informed decisions.
Transparency
Information asymmetry
25
CREATIVITY
Creativity is a form of thinking that:
 leads to original, practical, and meaningful solutions to

problems
 generates new ideas or artistic expressions.
26
CREATIVITY
Using only the material you see on

the table, figure out a way to mount
a candle on the wall so that it
doesn’t drip wax on the floor when
it burns.
27
CREATIVITY
How can we be more creative?
Question the assumptions and authorities.
Never take anything for granted.
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING
Cognitive development
1. THINKING
40
1. THINKING
41
SELF-EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE
Rate yourself on the following scale
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

1. THINKING
1 2 3 4 5 There are right and wrong answers. Authorities
are those who have the right answers.
1 2 3 4 5 There are no right or wrong answers. Everyone
has a right to his or her own opinion.
1 2 3 4 5 Even though the world is uncertain,
we need to make decisions on what is right or wrong .
42
Cognitive development is the process by which each of us

1. THINKING becomes an intelligent person, acquiring intelligence and
increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving
ability from infancy to adulthood.
43
Commitment
1. THINKING
Relativism
Dualism
Thinking more critically

44
Stanford prison experiment
Instructions
Work in groups
Read the provided material about Stanford prison experiment.
Laptops, tablets and smartphones are not allowed.

1. THINKING
Time for discussion: 20 mins
Requirements
Evaluate the validity of Stanford prison experiment’s purpose,

procedure and results.
Diligently justify your judgement.
45
Recommended books to help you think more critically
 Thiện, ác và smartphone - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang
 Bức xúc không làm ta vô can - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang
 Đại Dương Đen – TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

1. THINKING
 Tư duy nhanh và chậm – Thinking, fast and slow – Daniel
Kahneman
 Phi lý trí – Predictably irrational – Dan Ariely
Recommended books to help you understand your up-

bringing
 Tìm mình trong thế giới hậu tuổi thơ - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang
If you are not really keen on reading, consider audible books.

46
 App to read books for you: FONOS
WHY IS IT THAT IMPORTANT
1. THINKING
TO BE A GOOD THINKER?
47
Cognition
Affection
1. THINKING
BEHAVIOUR
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

(CBT) 48
Actions Thoughts
3.Behaviour 1.Thinking
1. THINKING
2.Feelings
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY Emotions

49
Cognition
My skills development class is interesting.
Affection
I like attending my skills development class.
1. THINKING
Behaviour
I am going to get to class early with a smile on my face.
50
DON’T LISTEN TO WHAT PEOPLE SAY
1. THINKING
WATCH WHAT THEY DO
52
ATTITUDE – FORMATION
ATTITUDE IS ACQUIRED,
2. POSITIVE NOT INHERITED!
THINKING
109
ATTITUDE - FORMATION
Direct Personal
Experience
Mass
Association
2. POSITIVE
Communications
THINKING ATTITUD
E
Economic Status and Family and

Occupations Peer Groups
Neighbourhood
110
Direct personal experience
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
111
Association
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
112
Family and peer group
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
113
Neighbourhood
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
114
Neighbourhood
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
115
Economic status and occupations
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
116
Mass communications
2. POSITIVE
THINKING
117
3. THINKING ◦ CRITICAL THINKING
TECHNIQUES ◦ 6 THINKING HATS
118
CRITICAL THINKING
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
119
CRITICAL THINKING
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
120
CRITICAL THINKING
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
123
CRITICAL THINKING
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
124
CRITICAL THINKING
Good harvest, bad prices
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
125
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and
rationally, understanding the logical connection between
ideas.
3. THINKING Critical thinking is the objective analysis and evaluation of

an issue in order to form a judgment.
TECHNIQUES
Critical thinking is just deliberately and systematically
processing information so that you can make better
decisions and generally understand things better.
126
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is a collection of skills we use every day
that are necessary for our full intellectual and personal
development.
3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to identify and

resolve issues in our lives.
TECHNIQUES
127
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking is a collection of skills we use every day
that are necessary for our full intellectual and personal
development.
3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to identify and

resolve issues in our lives.
TECHNIQUES
128
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical thinking doesn’t describe thinking that is severe,
negative, or harsh; instead, critical thinking refers to
thinking that uses reason to decide what to do and what to
believe.
3. THINKING
Since arguments provide reasons that support their claims,
TECHNIQUES the fundamental critical thinking skills are the
recognition, analysis, evaluation, and construction of
arguments.
129
CRITICAL THINKING
How to think more critically
3 components of critical thinking
Question
3. THINKING your
Reason
through logic
Diversify
your thinking
assumptions
TECHNIQUES
Appropriate environment
130
CRITICAL THINKING
How to practice critical thinking skills
Be curious and ask questions

3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
131
CRITICAL THINKING
What is the most significant difference between studying in
high school and studying in university?
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
132
CRITICAL THINKING
What is the most significant difference between studying in
high school and studying in university?
There are less unified understandings but a lot of hot
3. THINKING debates.
TECHNIQUES
133
CRITICAL THINKING – USEFULNESS
IN CLASS
Example: Is Adam Smith’s argument for the ‘invisible
hand’ that guides economic interaction convincing or
not?
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
134
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Imagine that you are an employer who receives a letter of
application such as the following:
3. THINKING “I am writing to apply for the entry-level accountant position

currently open. Am I the person for you! I’m a can-do,
TECHNIQUES proactive, think-outside-the-box kind of person who will be a
terrified asset to your company. Seeing is believing! When can
we schedule an interview?”
Does this letter convince you that you should interview this
candidate?
136
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Here’s a better example of the kind of argument the applicant
might make:
3. THINKING “I am writing in response to your advertisement for an entry-

level accountant in your tax division. I believe that I am a strong
TECHNIQUES candidate for this position because I have a bachelor’s degree in
business and accounting, I completed two summer internships
for a tax broker while in college, and I have experience
preparing tax returns for a temp agency.”
137
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Suppose at work, one of your employees asks to take a week off
the following month and you respond like this:
3. THINKING “A week off next month? Do you think that work is just
somewhere to drop in once in a while? Some other employee will
TECHNIQUES have to do your work in addition to his or her own, and that’s
certainly not fair. Sorry. Forget it!”
138
IN THE WORKPLACE
Example:
Here is a more balanced response you can give:
“A week off next month? I’m afraid that’s not going to work out.
3. THINKING December is our busiest month due to Christmas Holiday, and
we already have two people who will be gone for medical
TECHNIQUES reasons. I’m afraid it will have to wait.”
139
IN CIVIC LIFE
Fa
sci
na
ti
3. THINKING ng
a ds
TECHNIQUES
140
IN CIVIC LIFE
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
141
IN CIVIC LIFE
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
142
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
Critical thinking is essential

for living in a democratic society.
148
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s think critically…
1. Why might a totalitarian government want to
prevent its citizens from acquiring critical thinking
3. THINKING skills?
TECHNIQUES
2. Is an easier life a better life? Why or why not?
178
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s consider…
What is the main point in each of the following passages?
Which do you find most persuasive? Briefly state why.
1. Your mother and I think you should pursue a career that
will allow you to live comfortably and support a family.
3. THINKING Finding “meaning” is nice, but not what matters. You can
find meaning on the weekends, and you’ll have plenty of
TECHNIQUES time for doing what you want when you retire.
179
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s consider…
2. The best career is one that you enjoy and that gives you
satisfaction. Money is secondary; money will never provide
3. THINKING the satisfaction of meaningful work.
TECHNIQUES
180
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s consider…
3. The most important thing you have to do today is win this
3. THINKING game because, as the great coach Vince Lombardi said,
winning isn’t the best thing—it’s the only thing.
TECHNIQUES
181
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s consider…
4. Son, either go to law school or forget about any
3. THINKING inheritance from me.
TECHNIQUES
182
CRITICAL THINKING
Let’s consider…
Which do you find most persuasive? 5. Ignorance is bliss.
Simple people with simple lives are better off than those
who stress themselves out to learn everything about
3. THINKING everything.
TECHNIQUES
183
CRITICAL THINKING
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SKILLED CRITICAL
THINKER
To be a skilled critical thinker, you should equip yourself with:
• Good analytical skills.
3. THINKING • Effective communication skills.
TECHNIQUES • Good research and inquiry skills.

• Flexibility and tolerance for ambiguity.
• Open-minded skepticism.
• Creative problem-solving.
• Attention, mindfulness and (intellectual) curiosity
• Collaborative learning.
184
6 THINKING HATS
◦ Six Thinking Hats was created by Edward de Bono,
and published in his 1985 book of the same name.
◦ This technique forces you to move outside your
3. THINKING
habitual thinking style, and to look at things from a
TECHNIQUES number of different perspectives.
◦ This allows you to get a more overall view of your
situation.
198
6 THINKING HATS
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
199
6 THINKING HATS
• What issue do we have?

• What results do we want?
• What would the solution to this issue
Blue hat accomplish?
• What is the best pathway of action to take?
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
• What information is currently accessible?
• What do we lack?
• What do we need?
White hat • How will we obtain any necessary or lacking
information?
200
6 THINKING HATS
• What’s the best strategy for handling this

situation?
• What potential advantages exist?
Yellow hat • How do we make it function?
• What are the enduring advantages?
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
• Does this work?
• How could this possibly fail?
• How can we make this financially feasible?
Black hat
201
6 THINKING HATS
• Can we approach this in another way?

• How can I uniquely tackle this problem?
• How can we embrace a different viewpoint?
Green hat
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES
• What does this feel like to me?
• What impression does this give to others?
• What’s my feeling towards this?
Red hat • Are there any internal disputes?
202
6 THINKING HATS
ML272
Animal use in medical research
Requirement: Using six thinking hats technique to find a solution
for the use of animals in medical research.
Instructions:
 Work in group of 6.
3. THINKING  All members will put on different hats one-by- one.
TECHNIQUES  Each hat will be given a turn of 4 mins.
 Summarize the team’s ideas in the provided form.
 Time: 30 mins
203
6 THINKING HATS
ML255
Requirement: Using six thinking hats technique to consider the use
of animals in medical research.
Instructions:
3. THINKING  Whole members will put on different hats one-by- one.
 Draw a mind map.
 Post the mind map to the following padlet.
 Time: 35 mins
204
6 THINKING HATS
ML279
Requirement: Using six thinking hats technique to consider the use
of animals in medical research.
Instructions:
3. THINKING  Whole members will put on a same hat and then move to the
others.
 Draw a mind map
 Post the mind map to the following padlet.
 Time: 35 mins
205
6 THINKING HATS
Some questions to consider….
 Do you need a leader for your team in this activity?
 In which order do you use these hats?
 Is each hat given an adequate amount of time?
 Should all 6 hats be used in any thinking process?
3. THINKING  Should each hat be assigned for each team member / each sub-
team?
TECHNIQUES
206
6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
- Define and outline the problem under - Collect all the facts, data, and statistics
question. related to the problem
- Guide the other thinking hats through - Use this information to settle on
the thinking process. several logical solutions to the problem.
3. THINKING
TECHNIQUES - Intuitively reflect on the solutions.
- Based on its hunches, select the best
Quickly pinpoint holes, dangers, flaws,
and limitations of the proposed plans.
course of action moving forward.
Challenge the black hat’s pessimism by Take these ideas and enhance them
bringing to light logical ideas and using its out-of-the-box thinking
contingency plans that help mentality.
circumnavigate these dangers.
231
6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
 Initial Ideas
BLUE – WHITE - GREEN
 Choosing between alternatives
3. THINKING BLUE – WHITE – GREEN – YELLOW – BLACK -
TECHNIQUES RED
 Identification of solutions
BLUE – WHITE – BLACK - GREEN
 Fast Feedback
BLUE – BLACK – GREEN - WHITE
236
6 THINKING HATS
Strategies
 Strategic planning
BLUE – YELLOW – BLACK - WHITE
 Process improvement
3. THINKING BLUE – WHITE – YELLOW – BLACK – GREEN -
TECHNIQUES RED
 Problem-solving
BLUE – WHITE – GREEN – RED – YELLOW -
BLACK
 Performance assessment
BLUE – RED – WHITE – YELLOW – BLACK -
GREEN
237
4. POSITIVE ◦ OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
THINKING
◦ DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
TECHNIQUES
238
OVERCOME NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
239
CAUSES OF NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
Negative
worldview
4. POSITIVE Negative
Other people’s
working
THINKING environment
behaviour
TECHNIQUES
Past NEGATIVE Changing

experiences ATTITUDE environment
240
TYPES OF NEGATIVE ATTITUDE
Drama Miserable
queen type
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES NEGATIV
Paranoid
E Silent killer
type
ATTITUDE
241
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
242
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
243
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Stand back
4. POSITIVE To avoid an immediate irrational or angry reaction,
THINKING take a step back to allow you to calm down and
TECHNIQUES think rationally.
You might take a short walk, count backward from
10 to 1, or practice deep breathing.
244
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Observe
4. POSITIVE Once you’ve regained your calm, give some
THINKING thought to how you felt and why.
TECHNIQUES Once you have identified the trigger and
underlying feelings, you can start making a plan by
asking yourself what reaction would achieve the
best outcome.
245
S.O.S TECHNIQUE
Steer
4. POSITIVE Once you have thought of the best way to handle
THINKING the situation you can steer (resolve the problem).
TECHNIQUES
246
3C MODEL
Commitment
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
Challenge Control
247
3C MODEL
Kobasa’s Theory of Hardiness (1979)
Kobasa characterized hardiness as being comprised
4. POSITIVE of three components or the 3C’s:
THINKING a] Commitment
TECHNIQUES b] Control
c] Challenge
The 3Cs of hardiness is considered as the pathway
to resilience under stress.
248
3C MODEL
Commitment
4. POSITIVE The commitment disposition was defined as a
THINKING tendency to involve oneself in the activities in life
TECHNIQUES and having a genuine interest in and curiosity about
the surrounding world (activities, things, other
people).
Curiosity make us younger!
249
3C MODEL
Control
4. POSITIVE The control (internal locus of control) disposition
THINKING was defined as a tendency to believe and act as if
TECHNIQUES one can influence the events taking place around
oneself through one’s own effort.
250
3C MODEL
Challenge
4. POSITIVE The challenge disposition was defined as the
THINKING beliefs that change, rather than stability, as the
TECHNIQUES normal mode of life and it constitutes motivating
opportunities for personal growth rather than
threats to security.
251
DEVELOP POSITIVE ATTITUDE
1. Focus on the present
2. Use positive language
4. POSITIVE 3. Accept imperfection
THINKING 4. Mix with positive people
TECHNIQUES 5. Contribute in a meaningful way
6. Keep learning
7. Be grateful
252
Focus on the present
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
253
Use positive language
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
256
Accept when things aren’t perfect
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
257
Accept when things aren’t perfect
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
258
Mix with positive people
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
260
Mix with positive people
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
261
Contribute in a meaningful ways
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
262
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
263
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
264
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
265
Keep learning
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
266
Keep learning
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
267
Keep learning
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
268
Be grateful
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
269
Be grateful
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
270
Be grateful
4. POSITIVE
THINKING
TECHNIQUES
271
272
PROBLEM SOLVING
273
CREATIVITY
274
CREATIVITY
275
THANK YOU
276

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POSITIVE

Words Decision making

Mental pictures consist of personal experiences of objects, persons or

Rather, it is a reconstruction of the object or event from memory.

Are the objects in each pair the same or different?

What makes a fruit a fruit?

Problem solving is a cognitive process in which we

Move only three of the dots to turn the upward-facing triangle

Emily and Sophia played six games of chess,

How would you handle a situation where you noticed your

“What should I wear today?”

We should only make Informed decisions.

Creativity is a form of thinking that:

 leads to original, practical, and meaningful solutions to

 generates new ideas or artistic expressions.

Using only the material you see on

How can we be more creative?

Question the assumptions and authorities.

Never take anything for granted.

from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Cognitive development is the process by which each of us

Thinking more critically

Read the provided material about Stanford prison experiment.

Laptops, tablets and smartphones are not allowed.

Evaluate the validity of Stanford prison experiment’s purpose,

Diligently justify your judgement.

Recommended books to help you think more critically

 Thiện, ác và smartphone - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

 Bức xúc không làm ta vô can - TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

 Đại Dương Đen – TS Đặng Hoàng Giang

Recommended books to help you understand your up-

If you are not really keen on reading, consider audible books.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY Emotions

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

Economic Status and Family and

3. THINKING Critical thinking is the objective analysis and evaluation of

3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to identify and

3. THINKING Critical thinking provides us with the tools to identify and

Be curious and ask questions

3. THINKING “I am writing to apply for the entry-level accountant position

3. THINKING “I am writing in response to your advertisement for an entry-

Critical thinking is essential

TECHNIQUES • Good research and inquiry skills.

• What issue do we have?

• What’s the best strategy for handling this

• Can we approach this in another way?

Past NEGATIVE Changing

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