1.intro To Packet Voice Technologies

Introduction to Packet Voice
Technologies
Cisco Networking Academy Program
IP Telephony © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Traditional Telephony
IP Telephony v1.0 © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2
Basic Components of a Telephony Network
Central Office Switches
What Is a PBX?
Basic Call Setup
Supervisory Signaling
Address Signaling
Tone telephone
• Rotary telephone
DTMF dialing
– Pulse dialing
Informational Signaling
Digital vs. Analog Connections
Time-Division Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Packetized Telephony Networks
Packet Telephony vs.
Circuit-Switched Telephony
• More efficient use of bandwidth and equipment

• Lower transmission costs
• Consolidated network expenses
• Increased revenue from new services
• Service innovation
• Access to new communications devices
• Flexible new pricing structures
Call Control
Distributed Call Control
Centralized Call Control
Packet Telephony Components
Real-Time vs. Best-Effort Traffic
• Real-time traffic needs guaranteed delay and

timing.
• IP networks are best-effort with no guarantees of
delivery, delay, or timing.
• Solution is quality of service end-to-end.
Foreign Exchange Station Interface
Foreign Exchange Office Interface
E&M Interface
T1 Interface
E1 Interface
BRI
Physical Connectivity Options
Cisco IP Phone
Analog Voice Basics
Local Loops
Types of Local-Loop Signaling
• Supervisory signaling
• Address signaling
• Informational Signaling
On Hook
Off Hook
Ringing
Ringing (Cont.)
Pulse Dialing
Dual Tone Multifrequency
Informational Signaling with
Call-Progress Indicators
Trunks
Foreign Exchange Trunks
• Foreign Exchange Office

Connects directly to office equipment
Used to extend connections to another location
• Foreign Exchange Station

Connects directly to station equipment
Used to provision local service
Types of Trunk Signaling
• Loop start
• Ground start
• E&M Wink Start
• E&M immediate start
• E&M delay start
Loop-Start Signaling
Ground-Start Signaling
E&M Signaling
• Separate signaling
leads for each direction
• E-lead
(inbound direction)
• M-lead
(outbound direction)
• Allows independent
signaling
E&M Type I
E&M Type V
E&M Type II
E&M Type III
E&M Type IV
Trunk Supervisory Signaling—
Wink Start
Immediate Start
Delay Start
2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversion and Echo
• Echo is due to a
reflection.
• Impedance
mismatch at the
2-wire to 4-wire
hybrid is the
most common
reason for echo.
Echo Is Always Present
• Echo as a
problem is a
function of the
echo delay and
the loudness
of the echo.
Echo Suppression
Echo Cancellation
Analog-to-Digital Voice Encoding
Digitizing Analog Signals
1. Sample the analog signal regularly.

2. Quantize the sample.
3. Encode the value into a binary expression.
4. Compress the samples to reduce bandwidth,
optional step.
Basic Voice Encoding:
Converting Digital to Analog
1. Decompress the samples, if compressed.

2. Decode the samples into voltage amplitudes,
rebuilding the PAM signal.
3. Filter the signal to remove any noise.
Nyquist Theorem
Voice Compression Techniques
• Waveform algorithms
PCM
ADPCM
• Source algorithms
LDCELP
CS-ACELP
Example: Waveform Compression
• PCM
Waveform coding scheme
• ADPCM
Waveform coding scheme
Adaptive: automatic companding
Differential: encode changes between
samples only
• ITU standards:
G.711 rate: 64 kbps = (2 * 4 kHz) * 8 bits/sample
Compression Bandwidth Requirements
Perceptual Speech Quality Measurement
Signaling Systems
T1 Digital Signal Format
Robbed-Bit Signaling
Channel Associated Signaling—T1
E1 Framing and Signaling
Channel Associated Signaling—E1
Common Channel Signaling
ISDN
• ISDN
Part of network architecture
Definition for access to the network
Allows access to multiple services through
a single access
Used for data, voice, or video
• Standards-based
ITU recommendations
Proprietary implementations
ISDN Network Architecture
Layer 3 (Q.930/931) Messages

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Introduction to Packet Voice

Cisco Networking Academy Program

• More efficient use of bandwidth and equipment

• Real-time traffic needs guaranteed delay and

• Foreign Exchange Office

• Foreign Exchange Station

1. Sample the analog signal regularly.

1. Decompress the samples, if compressed.

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