Receptors:

Riphah international university

MAJOR RECEPTOR FAMILIES

 Pharmacology defines, as any biologic molecule to which a drug binds

and produces a measurable response. Thus, enzymes and structural
proteins can be considered to be pharmacologic receptors.

Drug + Receptor ←→ Drug–receptor complex → Biologic effect

induced-fit model………………. inactive state to active state

Types:

 These receptors may be divided into four families:

1) ligand-gated ion channels,
2) G protein–coupled receptors,
3) enzyme-linked receptors, and
4) intracellular receptors
LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNELS
 Also known as “Ionotropic Receptors”.
 The first receptor family comprises ligand-gated ion channels that are responsible for
regulation of the flow of ions across cell membranes. The activity of these channels
is regulated by the binding of a ligand to the channel.
 Response to these receptors is very rapid, having durations of a few milliseconds.
 The nicotinic receptor and the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor
 Stimulation of the nicotinic receptor by acetylcholine results in sodium influx,
generation of an action potential, and activation of contraction in skeletal muscle.
Benzodiazepines, on the other hand, enhance the stimulation of the GABA receptor by
GABA, resulting in increased chloride influx
 Example: muscle relaxants, anti arrhythmic drugs and anesthetics act by blocking ion
channels.
2004-2005
 G PROTEIN–COUPLED RECEPTORS
 A second family of receptors consists of G protein–coupled receptors.

Molecular Structure
 Heptahelical structure
 Consist of single polypeptide chain of up to 1100 residues
 Seven transmembrane α helices
 An extracellular N-terminal domain of varying length
 An intracellular C-terminal domain
 G PROTEIN–COUPLED RECEPTORS

 These receptors are linked to a G protein having three subunits, an α subunit that
binds guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and a βγ subunit.
 Binding of the appropriate ligand to the extracellular region of the receptor activates
the G protein so that GTP replaces guanosine diphosphate (GDP) on the α subunit.
 Dissociation of the G protein occurs, and both the α-GTP subunit and the βγ subunit
subsequently interact with other cellular effectors, usually an enzyme or ion channel.
 ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS/
KINASE-LINKED RECEPTORS
 Large and heterogeneous group of membrane receptors.
 Extracellular ligand-binding domain linked to an intracellular domain by a single
transmembrane helix.
 Involved in growth, proliferation, differentiation or
survival-called growth factors.
 Mediate actions of protein mediators- GF, cytokines , harmones- insulin and
leptin.

 Slow – require the expression of new genes.

.
INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS
 The fourth family of receptors differs considerably from the other three in that the
receptor is entirely intracellular and, therefore, the ligand must diffuse into the cell
to interact with the receptor. This places constraints on the physical and chemical
properties of the ligand in that it must have sufficient lipid solubility to be able to
move across the target cell membrane. Because these receptor ligands are lipid
soluble, they are transported in the body attached to plasma proteins, such as
albumin.
 For example, steroid hormones exert their action on target cells via this receptor
mechanism. Binding of the ligand with its receptor follows a general pattern in
which the receptor becomes activated because of the dissociation of a small
repressor peptide. The activated ligand–receptor complex migrates to the nucleus,
where it binds to specific DNA sequences, resulting in the regulation of gene
expression.
DOSE–RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS:

 An agonist is defined as an agent that can bind to a receptor and elicit a

biologic response.

A. Graded dose–response relations:

 the concentration of a drug increases, the magnitude of its pharmacologic
effect also increases. The response is a graded effect meaning response is
continuous and gradual.
 Two important properties of drugs can be determined by graded dose–
response curves
1.potency
2.efficacy,
1 Potency:
The first property is potency, a measure of the amount of drug necessary to
produce an effect of a given magnitude. The concentration of drug producing an
effect that is 50 percent of the maximum is used to determine potency and is
commonly designated as the EC50.

 Candesartan is more potent than irbesartan, because the dose range for
candesartan is 4 to 32 mg compare range of 75 to 300 mg for irbesartan.
 Shows same efficacy
2 Efficacy:

 is dependent on the number of drug–receptor complexes formed and the

efficiency of the coupling of receptor activation to cellular responses
 a drug with greater efficacy is more therapeutically beneficial than one that
is more potent. Maximal
 efficacy of a drug assumes that all receptors are occupied by the drug, and no
increase in response will be observed if more drugs are added.
Agonists:

 An agonist binds to a receptor and produces a biologic response.

 Full agonists:
 If a drug binds to a receptor and produces a maximal biologic response that
mimics the response to the endogenous ligand, it is known as a full agonist

 Partial agonists:
 Partial agonists have efficacies greater than zero but less than that of a full
agonist
C. Inverse agonists

 Typically, unbound receptors are inactive and require interaction with an

agonist to assume an active conformation.
 These receptors, thus, show a constitutive activity that is part of the baseline
response measured in the absence of drug
ANTAGONISTS:

 Antagonists are drugs that decrease or oppose the actions of another drug

 Competitive antagonists:
 If both the antagonist and the agonist bind to the same site on the recptor,
they are said to be “competitive.”
 prevent an agonist from binding to its receptor and maintain the receptor in
its inactive conformational state
The effects of competitive antagonists can be overcome by adding more agonist.
Irreversible antagonists:

An irreversible antagonist causes a downward shift of the maximum, with no

shift of the curve on the dose axis unless spare receptors are present.
Irreversible antagonists, by contrast, cannot be overcome by adding more
agonist.

 Functional and chemical antagonism

 An antagonist may act at a completely separate receptor, initiating effects
that are functionally opposite those of the agonist.
 also known as “physiologic antagonism.”