• Bootstrap Program: Initial Program that runs when a

computer is powered up or rebooted

• Stored in RAM
• Must know how to load the OS and start executing that
system
• Locate and load into memory the OS Kernel
• Interrupt: occurrence of an event from H/w or S/w
• H/w may trigger an interrupt at any time by sending a signal
• System Call: Software may trigger an interrupt by executing
a special operation called system call
• Volatile: losses its content when power is removed

• Non Volatile: retain its content even when the power is off
System Calls:
• Provide an interface to the services made available by an OS.
• Modes of an Operation:
• User Mode: doesn’t have direct access to memory and hardware
• Kernel Mode: have direct access to memory and hardware If there
is crash in program running in kernel mode, it affects the whole
system.
System Call
• In User mode
• Need some resources/request a service needs access make a call
to access the resources
• Program is switched from user mode to kernel mode context
switching
• When the program need to access resources and enter into kernel
mode makes a call System call
• Source File-------------------------------------------------Destination File
1. Acquire Input file name
2. Write prompt to the screen
3. Accept Input
4. Acquire Output File name
5. Write prompt to the screen
6. Accept Input
7. Open Input File
8. If file doesn’t exit, Abort
9. Create Output File
10. If the file doesn’t exist, Abort
11. Read From the Input File
12. Write to Output File
13. Close Output File
14. Write a Completion message to the screen
15. Terminate normally
• TYPES OF SYSTEM CALLS:
• Five Major categories
• 1. Process Control
• 2.File Manipulation
• 3. Device Management
• 4.Information Maintenance
• 5.Communication
PROCESS CONTROL
• 1. END,ABORT: Terminate the process normally/ error happened
• 2. Load, Execute
• Create, Terminate
• Get Process, Set Process Attributes
• Wait for time
• Wait event, Signal Event
• Allocate and Free Memory
File Manipulation
• 1. Create, Delete
• 2. Open, Close
• Read, write, and Reposition
• Get, set File Attributes
Information Maintenance

• 1. Get/Set time or date

• 2.Get/Set System data
• 3. Get Process file, device attribute
• 4. set Process, file or Device attribute
Device Manipulation
• Request, Release Device
• Read, Write, Reposition
• Get/Set Device attributes
• Logically Attach/Detach Devices
Communication
• Create, Delete communication connection
• Send, Receive Messages
• Transfer Status Information
• Attach or detach remote devices