ATHLETICS

BY GROUP 4
 Table of Contents

TABLE OF Introduction of Athletics

Official World Championship Events
Ancient Era Of Throwing

CONTENTS Modern Era of Throwing

Throwing Weight Rules According To World Athletics
Venue
Equipments in Throwing
Techniques in Throwing
Officials Involved in Competition
Proper Officiating
 WHAT IS ATHLETICS?
It is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking.
The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross-country
running, and racewalking.
RUNNING
JUMPING
THROWING
 ROAD RUNNING
Road running is the sport of running on a measured course over an established road. This differs from
track and field on a regular track and cross country running over natural terrain.
 CROSS-COUNTRY TRAINING
Long-distance running over open country; unlike the longer marathon race, cross-country races usually are not
run along roads or paths. This events are held during the fall or winter months, and many amateur athletes use the
sport as a means of keeping fit and developing stamina.
 RACE WALKING
A long-distance discipline within the sport of athletics. Although a foot race, it is different from running in that
one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. The competitive sport of racing at a fast walk
while maintaining continuous foot contact with the ground and keeping the supporting leg straight.
OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP TRACK
AND FIELD EVENTS
OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP TRACK
AND FIELD EVENTS
JAVELIN
OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP TRACK
AND FIELD EVENTS
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
SPRINTS
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
MIDDLE DISTANCE
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
LONG DISTANCE
• Long-distance running, or endurance running, is a form of continuous
running over distances of at least 3 km (1.9 mi). Physiologically, it is
largely aerobic in nature and requires stamina as well as mental strength.
Within endurance running comes two different types of respiration.
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
HURDLES
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
RELAYS
 OFFICIAL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP
JUMPS TRACK AND FIELD EVENTS
ANCIENT ERA OF JAVELIN
• Ancient Olympic Games as part o f the pentathlon in 708 BC.
• Included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target.
• The javelin was thrown with the aid of a thong (ankyle in Greek) that was wound around the
middle of the shaft. Athletes held the javelin by the ankyle, and when they released the shaft, the
unwinding of the thong gave the javelin a spiral trajectory.
• Throwing javelin-like poles into targets was revived in Germany and Sweden in the early 1870s
• In Sweden, these poles developed into the modern javelin, and throwing them for distance
became a common event there and in Finland in the 1880s
• Sweden's Eric Lemming, who threw his first world best (49.32 meters) in 1899 and ruled the
event from 1902 to 1912, was the first dominant javelin thrower
• The men's javelin was introduced as an Olympic discipline at the 1906 Intercalated Games
• In the late 19th and early 20th century, most javelin competitions were two-handed; the
implement was thrown with the right hand and separately with the left hand, and the best marks
for each hand were added together. Competitions for the better hand only were less common
ANCIENT ERA OF JAVELIN
• At the Olympics, a both-hands contest was held only once, in 1912
• The first known women's javelin marks were recorded in Finland in 1909
• Originally, women threw the same implement as men; a lighter, shorter javelin for women was intr
oduced in the 1920s. Women's javelin throw was added to the Olympic program in 1932; Mildred
"Babe" Didrikson of the United States became the first champion
• For a long time, javelins were made of solid wood, typically birch, with a steel tip. The hollow, hi
ghly aerodynamic Held javelin, invented by American thrower Bud Held and developed and manu
factured by his brother Dick, was introduced in the 1950s
• T
he first Held javelins were also wooden with steel tips, but later models were made entirely of met
al
• These new javelins flew further, but were also less likely to land neatly point first; as a response to
the increasingly frequent flat or ambiguously flat landings, experiments with modified javelins st
arted in the early 1980s.
• The javelin throw has been part of the decathlon since the decathlon was introduced in the early 1
910s; the all-around, an earlier ten-event contest of American origin, did not include the javelin thr
ow. The javelin was also part of some (though not all) of the many early forms of women's pentath
lon and has always been included in the heptathlon after it replaced the pentathlon in 1981.
 MODERN ERA OF JAVELIN
Javelin - The one major difference between the javelin of the ancient games and the javelin of more
modern times is a leather thong, called an ankyle that was wound around the middle of the shaft

• The modern javelin weighs 800 grams.

• Originally made of wood or metal, but current javelins must be
made of metal.
• The javelin is the only throwing event not to take place in a ring.
The athlete is allowed a straight run before releasing his or her
implement and has six throws in competition.
THROWING WEIGHT RULES ACCORDING
TO WORLD ATHLETICS
 VENUE OF JAVELIN THROW
The javelin throw facility includes a runway, a throwing arc and a landing sector.
Since the length of the runway exceeds the space available in the segment, it is
usually extended across the track and track border.
OUT-DOOR JAVELIN THROW
IN-DOOR JAVELIN THROW
 EQUIPMENTS IN JAVELIN THROW
JAVELIN SPEARS
TRAINING JAVELIN

JAVELIN RUBBER
TIPS

JAVELIN SPIKES
EQUIPMENTS IN JAVELIN THROW
TRAINING BALLS STOP BOARD

BIB NUMBER

SECTOR TEMPLATE

JAVELIN
CONTAINERS
 TECHNIQUES IN JAVELIN
THE GRIP
• the American grip
• the finish grip
• the "V" grip
• PROPER STANDING THROW
• PROPER FOOTWORK
 MECHANICS IN JAVELIN

- Exercises to improve the techniques

- Types of training
- The stages
- The competition
OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN JAVELIN THROW
In javelin throw events in track and field, there are typically three officials:

• CHIEF JUDGE 2. THROW JUDGE 3. THE MEASURER

 OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN JAVELIN THROW
Their roles include overseeing the competition, judging the legality of throws, and measuring the distances

The Role of Chief Judge: The Role of Measurer:

The Role of Throw Judge:
1. Overall Supervisor 1. Accurate Measurement
1. Measurement
2. Rule Interpretation 2. Fair Competition
2. Validity Check
3. Start and Progress of Each Attempt 3. Rules Adherence
3. Foul Detection
4. Measurement and Marking 4. Prompt Recording
4. Equipment and Inspection
5. Decision and Protest 5. Equipment Management
6. Communication with Officials 5. Communication
6.Communication
7. Awarding Medals
PROPER OFFICIATING
1) The Javelin must be held at its grip and thrown overhand using one arm.
2) The athlete may begin his or her run from their desired choice but within the runway provided to
them.
3) The athlete is not allowed to leave the throwing area (runway) until the Javelin lands in the
landing area.
4.) Javelin throwers cannot overstep the throwing arc during a throw.
 A FAULT WILL BE CALLED WHEN AN
ATHLETE:
• Does not begin the throwing movement within sixty seconds of having his or her name called.
• During the throwing motion, touches, with any part of the body (including shoes): the line bordering the runway
• The scratch line
• Throws a javelin which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a touches a touches a sector line on the initial impact.
• Leaves the runway before the javelin has landed.
• Does not exit from behind the scratch line.
ANCIENT ERA OF DISCUS
• The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olympic Games of
Ancient Greece.
• Greek statues and Roman copies such as the Discobolus and Discophoros.
• Magdeburg, Germany, by gymnastics teacher Christian Georg Kohlrausch and his students in the
1870s
• Competition was resumed in the late 19th century has been a part of the modern Summer Olympic
Games since the first modern competition, the 1896 Summer Olympics
• Images of discus throwers figured prominently in advertising for early modern Games
• Today the sport of discus is a routine part of modern track-and-field meets at all levels, and retains
a particularly iconic place in the Olympic Games
• The main poster for the 1920 Summer Olympics
• František Janda-Suk from Bohemia (the present Czech Republic) he earned a silver medal in the 1
900 Olympics.
• The technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus
• Women's competition began in the first decades of the 20th century. Following competition at
national and regional levels, it was added to the Olympic program for the 1928 games.
ANCIENT ERA OF DISCUS
• Greek mythology, featured as a means of manslaughter in the cases of Hyacinth, Crocus,
Phocus, and Acrisius, and as a named event in the funeral games of Patroclus.
• Discus throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. €10 Gr
eek
Discus commemorative coin
• T
he coin a modern athlete is seen in the foreground in a half-turned position, while in the b
ackground an ancient discus thrower has been captured in a lively bending motion, with t
he discus high above his head, creating a vivid representation of the sport.
• In ancient times, Early discuses were often made of stone, as it was readily available. Lat
er on, materials like iron, bronze, and lead became more common. These materials provid
ed weight to the discus, allowing for better throws. The size and weight of the discus vari
ed in different time periods and regions.
• In ancient Greece, the throwing area was a flat, sandy surface. Athletes had a designated a
rea from which they made their throws. The distance thrown was measured from this poi
nt.
 MODERN ERA OF DISCUS
Discus Throw- sport in athletics (track and field) in which a disk-shaped object, known as a discus, is
thrown for a distance.

• In modern competition, the discus must be thrown from a circle 2.5

meters (8.2 feet) in diameter and fall within a 40° sector marked on the
ground from the centre of the circle.
• The modern throwing style is a graceful whirling movement, with the
athlete making about one and a half quick turns while accelerating
across the circle.
THROWING WEIGHT RULES ACCORDING
TO WORLD ATHLETICS
VENUE IN DISCUS THROW
The discus throw includes a throwing circle, protective cage and landing sector. They are
located near the ends of the back straight and the landing sector is located in the grass area
inside the track.
IN-DOOR DISCUS THROW
OUTDOOR DISCUS THROW
 EQUIPMENTS IN DISCUS THROW
DISCUS CAGE RUBBER DISCUS

DISCUS DISCUS CASE BIB NUMBER

 CRUCIAL CONCEPTS
Concept #1 - Power Comes From The Legs And Hips - Not The Upper Body
As with most track and field events, the main source of power in the discus throw is generated from
the lower body. This is a critical element, especially when teaching discus technique to beginners.

Concept #2 - Technique Beats Strength - Elite discus throwers are big and incredibly strong but
that’s not why they throw far. Even in events like the shot put, technique reigns supreme. There is
no doubt about it, if you want to throw far - strength & power development is a must.

Concept #3 - Posture = Power- In order to accomplish the first 2 rules (rhythm and generating
power from the lower body) you have to hit the right positions with the proper posture.
Conditioning the nervous system is a big part of discus training and is instrumental towards
developing good habits and injury prevention.
 CRUCIAL CONCEPTS

NOTICE THE TALL POSTURE THROUGHOUT THE THROW. STRAIGHT BACK, LONG
ARMS, HEAD CONNECTED WITH THE CHEST.
 TECHNIQUES IN DISCUS
Discus Standing Throw Stance-The feet should be shoulder width apart or slightly wider depending on the
height of the athlete.

CHIN-KNEE-TOE RELATIONSHIP

Body Angle Comes From Bending The Hips And Knees- The back should be nice and straight forming a straight line
that starts with the head and continues through the front leg (which is slightly bent) to the ground. To set up the proper
body angle you want a good right knee bend.

Setting A Low And High Point With The Arms- One of the key technical elements to throwing far is creating the
largest radius possible with the discus.

A longer discus path = more power and speed being delivered into the discus.
 TECHNIQUES IN DISCUS
GRIP STANCE
 TECHNIQUES IN DISCUS
WIND UP
STARTING THE THROW
 TECHNIQUES IN DISCUS
BEGINNING THE TURN TO THE CENTER OF THE COMPLETING THE TURN TO THE
RING CENTER OF THE RING
 TECHNIQUES IN DISCUS
TURN TO THE POWER POSITION POWER POSITION RELEASE
 OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN DISCUS THROW
Their roles include overseeing the competition, judging the legality of throws, and measuring the distances.

Chief Judge: Oversees the entire event and ensures that the rules are followed.

Referee: Ensures fair play and resolves any disputes or rule violations.

Measuring Officials: Measure the distance of each throw using measuring tapes or electronic devices.

Throwing Sector Judge: Monitors the throwing sector to ensure that the discus lands within the designated a

Judges: Assist in determining the legality of each throw and help with measuring if needed.
 DISCUS THROW OFFICIATING & HOW
IT WORKS
To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of 2.5 metres diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by a 20
mm metal ring.The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. He then spins
counter-clockwise (for right-handers) around one and a half times through the circle to build momentum, then releases
his discus. Some less experienced throwers may only do a half rotation before releasing the discus.

PROPER MEASUREMENTS FOR DISCUS THROW

1. One of the sport's throwing events, athletes throw a metal disc weighing 2kg for men (22cm in diameter) and 1kg
(18cm in diameter) for women, as far as possible while remaining inside a 2.5-metre diameter circle.
ANCIENT ERA OF SHOT-PUT
• The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olym
pic Games of Ancient Greece.
• Competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the siege of Troy
but there is no record of any dead weights being thrown in Greek competitions.
• The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the
Scottish Highlands, and date back to approximately the first century.
• In the 16th century King Henry VIII
was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.
• The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages
when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs.
• Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland
, and were a part of the British Amateur Championsh ips beginning in 1866
 MODERN ERA OF SHOT-PUT
a spherical weight is thrown, or put, from the shoulder for a distance. It derives from the ancient sport of
putting the stone.
THROWING WEIGHT RULES ACCORDING
TO WORLD ATHLETICS
 VENUE OF SHOT-PUT THROW
The shot put facility includes a throwing circle, a stop board and a landing sector. The landing
sector is usually located in the grass area inside the track.
IN-DOOR SHOT-PUT THROW

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OUTDOOR SHOT-PUT THROW

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 EQUIPMENTS IN SHOT PUT THROW
METAL MARKERS
HALF TIGHTS
IMPLEMENT SCALE

SECTOR
TEMPLATE

SHOT PUT CARRIER

 EQUIPMENTS IN SHOT PUT THROW
THROWING CIRCLE
TOE BOARDS/STOP BOARD

BIB NUMBER

SHOT PUT SHOES

TECHNIQUES IN SHOT-PUT

• GLIDE TECHNIQUE
• ROTATIONAL TECHNIQUE
• GRIP AND PLACEMENT
• PREPARATION PHASE
MECHANICS IN SHOT-PUT
• PROPER STAND
• PRELIMINARY POSITION
• BALANCE POSITION ( T POSITION)
• CROUCH
• HOW TO RELEASE SHOT PUT
 OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN SHOT-PUT THROW
In the shot put event, there are typically three officials required:

1. Chief Judge: The chief judge is responsible for ensuring that the competition is conducted according to the rules. They oversee the

entire event and make final decisions on any rule infractions or disputes.

2. Referee: The referee is responsible for starting and stopping each attempt, as well as ensuring that the competition is conducted fairly

and according to the rules. They also have the authority to disqualify an athlete for rule violations.

3. Measurer: The measurer is responsible for accurately measuring the distance of each throw using a tape measure or laser measuring

device. They ensure that the results are recorded correctly and accurately. These officials work together to ensure that the shot put event

is conducted in a fair and organized manner, and that the results are accurate and in compliance with the rules.
 PROPER OFFICIATING
OFFICIATING THROWING EVENTS
The shot put is an event in which the participant stands inside a circle and attempts to "put" a weighted ball as far as they possibly can. The "put" is
different than a "throw" due to the motion of the arm. it has a history back to ancient times when people threw rocks for distance. During the Middle
Ages, competitions on who could throw a cannonball the furthest has been recorded.

HOW TO PROPER MEASUREMENTS OF HAMMER THROWING

1. FIND THE MARK MADE BY THE SHOT WHERE IT FIRST HIT THE GROUND.
2. PUT THE ZERO END OF THE TAPE MEASURE ON THE EDGE OF THE MARK THAT IS CLOSEST TO THE THROWING CIRCLE.
Common Measuring Errors
1.Measuring the distance to where the shot rolls rather than where it first hits the ground.
2. Placing the zero end of the tape measure in the middle of the mark created by the falling shot.
3. Holding the zero end of the tape measure at the stop board.4. Measuring each throw from the centre of the stop board rather than where it naturally crosses
the stop board when it is pulled back through the middle of the throwing circle.
5. Reading the measurement from the outer edge of the stop board.
6. Not untwisting the tape measure before reading a measurement.
7. Not pulling the tape measure straight before reading a measurement.
PROPER OFFICIATING
 PROPER OFFICIATING
HOW IT WORKS?
The shot itself will vary in weight, depending on the level of competition and between men and women. Women
will use a 4 kg (8.81lb) shot from high school to college/Olympic level. Men at the high school level will use a
12lb (5.44kg), Junior competitors 14lb (6.35kg) and then at college/Olympic level 16lb (7.25kg).
ANCIENT ERA OF HAMMER
• Hammer throw are a mystery to modern historians.
• According to legend, at the Tailteann Games in Tara, Ireland as far back as 2000 BC
the Celtic warrior Culchulainn took a chariot axle with a wheel still attached and
spun it around and hurled it
• The wheel was later replaced by a rock with a wooden handle attached
• A sledgehammer began to be used for the sport in Scotland and England during the
Middle Ages
• In current times, the hammer has changed to the more modern 7.26 kg ball attached
to a wire and a handle
• Scottish Highland Games still feature the older style of hammer throw with the rock
and the solid wood handle
• Today the Hammer throw is one of four throwing events featured in the Olympics
alongside discus, shot put, and javelin.
 MODERN ERA OF HAMMER
Hammer throw - a hammer is hurled for distance, using two hands within a throwing circle.
• The shot generally is made of solid iron or brass, although any metal not softer than brass may be used.
It is put from a circle 2.135 metres (7 feet) in diameter into a 40° sector as measured from the centre of
the circle.
• Early hammers had forged-iron heads and wooden handles.
• Modified by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) now requires use of a wire-
handled spherical weight. The ball is of solid iron or other metal not softer than brass or is a shell of
such metal filled with lead or other material. The handle is spring steel wire, with one end attached to
the ball by a plain or ball-bearing swivel and the other by a rigid two-hand grip by a loop. The throwing
circle is protected by a C-shaped cage for the safety of officials and onlookers.
• In the modern hammer throw technique, a thrower makes three full, quick turns of the body before
flinging the weight. Strength, balance, and proper timing are essential. The throw is a failure if the
athlete steps on or outside the circle or if the hammer lands outside a 40° sector marked on the field
from the centre of the circle.
THROWING WEIGHT RULES ACCORDING
TO WORLD ATHLETICS
 VENUE OF HAMMER THROW
The hammer throw facility includes a throwing circle, a protective cage and a landing sector. It
is usually combined with the facility for discus throw.

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IN-DOOR HAMMER THROW

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OUTDOOR HAMMER THROW

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 EQUIPMENTS IN HAMMER THROW
THROWING HAMMERS THROWING WEIGHTS HAMMER HANDLE AND WIRES

HAMMER & WEIGHT GLOVES BIB NUMBER

EQUIPMENTS IN HAMMER THROW
TECHNIQUES IN HAMMER
TECHNIQUES IN HAMMER
TECHNIQUES IN HAMMER
TECHNIQUES IN HAMMER
 OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN HAMMER THROW
In the hammer throw event, the following officials are typically required:

1. Chief Judge: The chief judge oversees the entire event, ensuring that it is conducted according to the rules. They have the authority to make

final decisions on any rule infractions or disputes.

2. Referee: The referee is responsible for starting and stopping each attempt, as well as ensuring that the competition is conducted fairly and

according to the rules. They also have the authority to disqualify an athlete for rule violations.

3. Measurer: The measurer is responsible for accurately measuring the distance of each throw using a tape measure or laser measuring device. They

ensure that the results are recorded correctly and accurately.

4. Cage Judge: In the hammer throw event, a specific official known as a cage judge is responsible for ensuring that the throwing area is safe and

that the hammer does not leave the throwing cage. 5. Markers: These officials are responsible for marking the landing spots of the thrown

hammers, ensuring that the measurements are accurate.

These officials work together to ensure that the hammer throw event is conducted in a fair and organized manner, and that the results are accurate

and in compliance with the rules.

 PROPER OFFICIATING
OFFICIATING THROWING EVENTS
1. Trial
2. Flight
3. Qualify
4. Foul throw
HOW TO PROPER MEASUREMENTS OF HAMMER THROWING
For men, the hammer has a minimum mass of 7.260 kg, the cable a maximum length of 121.5 cm and the sphere a diameter between 11 cm and 13 cm. For
women, the mass is 4 kg minimum, the length 119.5 cm maximum and the diameter between 9.5 cm and 11 cm

HOW IT WORKS?
Another of the throws events, athletes throw a metal ball (16lb/7.26kg for men, 4kg/8.8lb for women) that is attached to a grip by a steel wire no longer than 1.22m while
remaining inside a seven-foot (2.135m) diameter circle.

Rotation Hammer
Do not push the hammer with arms out stretched, letting them flex.
Do not run the reels at increasing speeds.
Allow passing hands behind the head, and not on the forehead and top of head
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