LESSON 12

AGRARIAN REFORM
IN P.H.
PREPARED BY: RAJO GUTIERREZ
 WHAT IS AGRARIAN?
•RELATING TO CULTIVATED LAND
OR CULTIVATION OF LAND
•A PERSON WHO ADVOCATES A
REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND
PROPERTY, ESPECIALLY AS A PART
OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT.
 WHAT IS REFORM?
•IMPROVE OR RECTIFY A
SITUATION(POLITICS OR SOCIAL
SYSTEM)
•AS A REPURCUSSION, IT BRINGS
CHANGES IN THE LIVES OF
PEOPLE
 WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM THEN?
• A PROGRAM FOUNDED ON THE RIGHTS OF
FARMERS AND REGULAR FARMWORKERS, WHO
ARE LANDLESS, TO OWN OR COLLECTIVELY THE
LANDS THEY TILL OR JUST TO RECEIVE A
JUST/EQUAL SHARE OF THE FRUITS.
• REDISTRIBUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL
RESOURCES OF A COUNTRY.CHANGES IN
AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS INCLUDING CREDIT,
TAXATION, RENTS AND COOPERATIVES.
 PH AS AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY
• P.H. IS PRIMARILY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY
• AGRICULTURE IS THE BACKBONE OF THE ECONOMY
• THE ESSENTIAL WORKERS IN THIS SECTOR ARE CALLED FARMERS
• DUE TO ITS TERRAIN AND TROPICAL CLIMATE CONDITION, FARMING
AND FISHERIES HAVE BEEN THE LARGEST AGRICULTURAL SUB-
SECTORS IN THE PHILIPPINES. CROP PRODUCTION, PARTICULARLY OF
SUGARCANE, PALAY OR RICE, COCONUT, AND BANANAS WERE
AMONG THE HIGHEST NATIONWIDE AND WERE ALSO AMONG THE
TOP EXPORT PRODUCTS.
•MOST IMPORTANT OR ONE OF
THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTOR
IN THE ECONOMY OF PH
•HALF OF THE 100 MILLION
PEOPLE LIVE IN RURAL AREAS,
MORE THAN A THIRD OF THEM
ARE POOR
•LAND=POWER
AGREE OR
DISAGREE?
IF SO, WHY?
 HISTORY OF A.R. IN PH
•PRE-COLONIAL
EARLY FILIPINOS LIVED IN BARANGAYS OR VILLAGES RULED
BY RAJA’S OR DATUS.
EVERYONE HAD ACCESS TO THE LAND AND MUTUALLY
SHARES THE FRUITS OF THEIR LABOR.
“LAND IS OURS”
DURING THIS PERIOD, FOOD PRODUCTION WAS INTENTED
FOR FAMILY CONSUMPTION ONLY.
LATER ON, BARTER TRADE HAPPENS WITH NEIGHBORING
•SPANISH PERIOD
CONCEPT OF PUEBLO AGRICULTURE
A SYSTEM WHEREIN EACH NATIVE FAMILY IS
GIVEN 4 TO 5 HECTARES OF LAND TO
CULTIVATE(NOT OWNED)
LANDHOLDERS AND NOT LANDOWNERS
BECAUSE THE LAND ASSIGNED TO THEM WAS
PROPERTY OF SPANISH KING WHERE THEY PAY
COLONIAL TRIBUTES IN FORM OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS.
•AMERICAN PERIOD
AMERICANS SOUGHT TO PUT END TO
MISERABLE CONDITIONS BY PASSING
SEVERAL LAND POLICIES.
BUT, IT FURTHER WORSEN THE
SITUATION BECAUSE THERE’S NO
LIMIT ON THE SIZE OF LANDHOLDINGS
Significant legislations
•PH Bill of 1902
•Land Registration Act of 1902
•Public Act of 1903
•Tenancy Act of 1933
•JAPANESE PERIOD
ERA OF HUKBALAHAP(WHOLE CENTRAL
LUZON)
LANDLORDS WERE OVERPOWERED BY THE
PEASANTS BUT UNFORTUNATELY THROUGH
THE HELP OF MILITARY POLICES AND CIVILIAN
GUARDS, LANDOWNERS WERE ABLE TO
RETRIEVE THEIR LAND FROM HUKBALAHAP.
 DIFFERENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF EVERY
PRESIDENT IN PH IN AGRICULTURE
• Manuel Quezon
Rice share Tenancy Act 50-50% Tenant-
Landlord relationship

• Manuel Roxas
Tenant Act 70-30% Tenant-Landlord
relationship
• Elpidio Quirino
EO no. 355 Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration
with Land Settlement Development Corporation- takes over the
responsibilities of Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and
the Rice Corn Production Administration.

• Ramon Magsaysay
Agriculture Tenancy Act of 1954(Dapat manatili ang mga tenants
bilang landowners at di agad papalitan o tatangalin)
RA 1160 Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration(NARRA). To resettle
dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel
returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
Mindanao.
• Diosdado Macapagal
RA 3844-Agricultural Land Reform Code-distribution of
private lands to farmers on easy term of payments, abolished
share tenancy act, provided administrative machinery for
implementation, and more.

• Ferdinand Marcos Sr.

RA 6390- Agrarian Reform Special Fund Act- Created the
Department of Agrarian Reform and to finance the Agrarian
Reform programs.
PD no. 27- Restricted land reform scope and corn lands and
set retention limit at 7 hectares.
• Corazon Aquino
EO no. 299 Provide mechanism for the implementation of
the CARP
RA 6657- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law(CARL) to
promote social justice and industrialization providing the
mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes.
This law is still the one being implemented at present.
EO no. 407- Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of
agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry
lands, and other lands of public domain suitable for
agriculture.
• The Department of Agriculture is the executive
department of the Philippine government
responsible for the promotion of agricultural
and fisheries development and growth.
• Is responsible for the promotion of agricultural
development by providing the policy
framework, public investments, and support
services needed for domestic and export-
oriented business enterprises.
• The current secretary is Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr.
• The DA is composed of eight bureaus,[11] namely:
• Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)
• Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS),
formerly known as Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries
Product Standards (BAFPS) until the enactment of R.A. No.
10601.
• Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)
• Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR)
• Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
• Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI)
• Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM)
• Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering (BAFE),
new bureau under R.A. No. 10601
The following agencies, corporations and councils are
attached to the DA for policy and program coordination;

• National Dairy Authority (NDA)

• National Meat Inspection Service (NMIS)
• Philippine Fisheries Development Authority
(PFDA)
• Philippine Rice Research Institute (Philrice)
• Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)
• National Food Authority (NFA)
Agriculture is dying. This is a sad reality of the country. Agricultural land is
being developed into industrial areas, shopping malls and subdivisions. Farmers
are growing old and their children have shifted into other careers. The
agriculture industry has not progressed in ages. Many of our agricultural schools
are producing office-oriented workers who would much rather do paper work
than help improve the agricultural sector of the country. Not to mention the
many horror stories of corruption at the Department of Agriculture. All we can
do right now is to move by ourselves and may our government be strongly
sensitive to our farmers. They can make and implement all the agrarian laws but
what’s more important is that we should understand their part and take possible
actions about it because someday all the good things we’ve done for them is like
a seed we’ve planted and someday we will harvest our own rewards.(Reap what
you sow)
 LESSON 13
THE EVOLUTION
OF PH
CONSTITUTION
 WHAT IS CONSTITUTION?
• FOUNDATION OF THE SYSTEM OF THE GOV’T
• BODY OF RULES & PRINCIPLES IN ACCORDANCE WITH
WHICH THE POWERS OF SOVEREIGNITY IS EXERCISE
OR IMPLEMENTED.
• ESTABLISHES THE POWER OF THE GOV’T
• DEFINE, LIMIT, AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE FUNCTIONS
OF EVERY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
Law is interpreted by societal or
political institution as a set of rules
that are useful in governing the
behaviour of the people of the land.
A Constitution is the set of
fundamental laws that stipulates
how a country should be governed.
 How can we say that a Constitution is
well constructed?
•BROAD- IT IS COMPREHENSIVE
•BRIEF- DIRECT TO THE POINT
•DEFINITE- IT WOULD HELP
PREVENT CONFUSION OR
MISINTERPRETATION
 HISTORY OF THE
EVOLUTION OF PH
CONSTITUTION
 A. The Katipunan
oKatipunan: A secret Society Aimed to make
the Philippines separate from the Spanish
Monarchy and to become an Independent
nation
oMagdiwang (Andres Bonifacio’s Faction)/
Magdalo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s Faction)
 Tejeros Convention: March 22, 1897
o Outcome: To dissolve the Katipunan and establish a revolutionary
government
o The first election happened: Aguinaldo won, Bonifacio established his own
government
o Treason: When a Filipino citizen levies war against the government or
adheres to her enemies by giving them comfort within the Philippines or
elsewhere
o Bonficacio was arrested and was sentenced to death in Maragondon, Cavite
o Spanish forces continued to pursue Aguinaldo- caused his retreat to the
mountains of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan
o November 1, 1897, convened a citizens assembly to draft a provisional
constitution and establish a new government
 B. The Biak-na-Bato Constitution
o General Emilio Aguinaldo (1897) , Felix Ferrer, Isabelo Artacho
o Known as the Biak-na-Bato Constitution / “Constitucion Provisional de la
Republica de Filipinas”
o which created the Biak-na -Bato Republic on November 1, 1897 in San Miguel
de Mayumo in Bulacan
o Lasted until the republic was dissolved on December 15, 1897
o Aguinaldo entered into a negotiation with Spain
o Pact of Biak-na-Bato: to end the revolution, surrender arms in exchange of
monetary indemnities and pardons
o Aguinaldo was exiled to HongKong (Dec. 1897), established a junta to continue
the revolution
April 21, 1898: U.S declared war
against Spain
oThe HK junta returned (May 1898)
oJune 12, 1898: Aguinaldo declared
independence
oSeptember 15, 1898: convened to
draft a constitution in Malolos
 C. The Malolos Constitution (1899)

o First formal Philippine Constitution which had a significant impact on

the creation of the Philippine state
o established the revolutionary government of General Emilio
Aguinaldo in 1899
o This constitution was created by a revolutionary Congress by virtue
of presidential proclamations of Emilio Aguinaldo who declared
himself as the new president of the First Philippine Republic
o It made the Philippines as the first democratic country in Asia and
the West Pacific.
o Executive: headed by a president/ Legislature: headed by a Prime Minister
and representatives from different provinces/ Judiciary: headed by
President of Supreme Court
o The Philippines was ceded to the US by Spain through the Treaty of peace
(Paris) on December 10, 1898
o Aguinaldo was captured during the Spanish-American War in 1901
o The Philippines was annexed to the US so the constitution ceased to
operate when the American military rule was established in April 14, 1898
o Organic Law: the body of laws that form the the foundation of a
government
- Examples: Constitution, R.A 11054 (Bangsamoro Organic Law)
 D. The Philippine Organic Act of 1902/
Philippine Bill of 1902/ Cooper Act
• Created the Philippine Commission by the US Congress to exercise
government powers
• Sect 5 of the said law: guarantees Bill of Rights
• The Commission shall do a Census of inhabitants- president is
satisfied, after 2 years, will hold an election – to a Philippine
Assembly- creation of 2 houses of Legislature (Philippine Commission
and Philippine Assembly)
• During the American Military and Civil rule, they were making steps
to prepare the Philippines to enact a new constitution and gain
independence
 E. The Jones Law of 1916 / The Philippine
Autonomy Act of 1916

•Sentence 2: Whereas it is, as it has

always been, the purpose of the people
of the United States to withdraw their
sovereignty over the Philippine Islands
and to recognize their independence as
soon as a stable government can be
established therein”
 F. The Tydings McDuffie Law ( The Philippine
Independence Act 1934)
o When the American Congress passed the Tydings Mc-Duffie Law on March
24, 1934, it provided a 10-year transition for the Philippine Commonwealth
to operate
o The expiration of the said operation would be on July 4, 1946, and the
Philippines would be granted its independence
o It also authorized the calling of a Constitutional Convention by the Philippine
legislature at that time for a new constitution
o March 23, 1935, president Roosevelt approved the draft and was submitted
for approval by the people .
o With a vote of 1,213,046 in favor and 44, 963 against, the 1935 Constitution
was ratified overwhelmingly.
 G. 1935 Constitution
o It was heavily influenced by the US constitution
o Bicameral legislature (Senate and H.R)
o Pres and VP (4-year term with re-election)
o Government : Presidential Republican: President as head of the state and government
o Praised for its Brevity and clarity but criticized for being pro-American
o One of its provisions : Parity Amendment: allowed Americans equal rights in the
exploitation of Philippine natural resources and the operation of public utilities
o Then Marcos became president on December 30, 1965- re-elected in 1969 and
maneuvered the 1971 constitutional convention so he could continue in office
o He declared Martial Law via Proc.1081 because of the increasing number of
demonstration
 H. The 1973 Constitution
• This constitution was amended 4 times (1976, 1980, 1981, 1984) making it way different from its original form
in 1973 (38 amendments in 13 years) making it the most amended constitution in the world, accordingly.
Examples of controversial amendments are:
o Amendment 6, gave the president law-making powers , enabled him to issue PDs outside congress (giving
Pres, very strong executive and legislative powers)
o Allegedly, to cling to power he meant to extend his term and accumulate wealth
o Aquino was assassinated, Marcos called for a snap election in 1986, Cory Aquino took the challenge
o Because of the massive manipulation of election results , people became restless
o This was aggravated by the withdrawal of support for the president by FVR, JPE (defense sec), Reformed
Armed Forces Movement --- Marcos had them arrested, but to prevent arrest and prevent a bloody
revolution, here comes Jaime Cardinal Sin , who on the Radio Veritas, called on the people to go and
March on EDSA with prayers and rosaries-----thus, the PPR 1
o The Marcoses flee to Hawaii thru an asylum then Cory Aquino was installed the President
 I. 1987 Constitution
o After EDSA Revolution, the 1973 constitution ceased to operate
o Aquino declared a Revolutionary Government thru a transitory government
o Freedom Constitution of 1986 :
- Presidential Proclamation No.3, 1986
- The president could make laws until a Congress is convened under a new constitution
o Because she wanted to expedite the restoration of democracy and give up her vast power
as a revolutionary leader
- Appointed a Constitutional Commission
 50 people to draft the new constitution
 133 days , vote of 42-2, the commission approved it
 Plebiscite was done to ratify it on February 2, 1987 and proclaimed in force
February 11, 1987.