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4 c1 Sketching Curves
4 c1 Sketching Curves
y ax 3 bx 2 cx d For any x3
or
y ( x a )( x b)( x c)
4A
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch
equations of the form:
y ( x 2)( x 1)( x 1)
If y = 0
y ax bx cx d
3 2
0 ( x 2)( x 1)( x 1)
or
So x = 2, 1 or -1
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) (-1,0) (1,0) and (2,0)
If x = 0
This involves finding the places
where the graph crosses the axes, y (0 2)(0 1)(0 1)
in the same way you do when
So y = 2
sketching a Quadratic.
(0,2)
4A
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch
equations of the form:
y ( x 2)( x 1)( x 1)
(-1,0) (1,0) (2,0) (0,2)
y ax bx cx d
3 2
y
or
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) 2
x
This involves finding the places -1 1 2
where the graph crosses the axes,
in the same way you do when
sketching a Quadratic.
If y = 0
y ax bx cx d
3 2
0 ( x 2)(1 x)(1 x)
or
So x = 2, 1 or -1
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) (-1,0) (1,0) and (2,0)
If x = 0
This involves finding the places
where the graph crosses the axes, y (0 2)(1 0)(1 0)
in the same way you do when
So y = -2
sketching a Quadratic.
(0,-2)
4A
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch
equations of the form:
y ( x 2)(1 x)(1 x)
(-1,0) (1,0) (2,0) (0,-2)
y ax bx cx d
3 2
y
or
y ( x a )( x b)( x c)
x
This involves finding the places -1 1 2
where the graph crosses the axes,
in the same way you do when -2
sketching a Quadratic.
If y = 0
y ax bx cx d
3 2
0 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)
or
So x = 1 or -1
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) (-1,0) and (1,0)
If x = 0
This involves finding the places
where the graph crosses the axes, y (0 1) 2 (0 1)
in the same way you do when
So y = 1
sketching a Quadratic.
(0,1)
4A
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch
equations of the form: y ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)
(-1,0) (1,0) (0,1)
y ax bx cx d
3 2
y
or
‘repeated
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) root’
1
x
This involves finding the places -1 1
where the graph crosses the axes,
in the same way you do when
sketching a Quadratic.
Factorise
y ax bx cx d
3 2
y x( x 3)( x 1) fully
or If y = 0
y ( x a )( x b)( x c) 0 x( x 3)( x 1)
So x = 0, 3 or -1
This involves finding the places (0,0) (3,0) and (-1,0)
where the graph crosses the axes,
in the same way you do when If x = 0
sketching a Quadratic.
y 0(0 3)(0 1)
So y = 0
(0,0)
4A
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch y x3 2 x 2 3x
equations of the form:
(0,0) (3,0) (-1,0)
y ax bx cx d
3 2
y
or
y ( x a )( x b)( x c)
x
This involves finding the places -1 0 3
where the graph crosses the axes,
in the same way you do when
sketching a Quadratic.
y
This will be covered in more
y = x3
detail in C2. You can still plot
the graphs in the same way we
have seen before. This topic is
offering a ‘shortcut’ if you can
understand it. x
4B
Sketching Curves
Sketching Cubics Example
Sketch the graph of the function:
You need to be able to sketch
and interpret cubics that are y x3
variations of y = x3
y
This will be covered in more
y = x3
detail in C2. You can still plot
the graphs in the same way we
5
have seen before. This topic is
offering a ‘shortcut’ if you can
understand it. x
y (3 x)3
y ( x 3)3 y = (3 - x)3
When x = 0:
y (3 0)3 y-intercept
Reflected in Horizontal shift, 3
the x-axis to the right y 27
4B
Sketching Curves
The Reciprocal Function Example
Sketch the graph of the function
y -1 -2 -4 4 2 1
y = 1/x
x
The curve will be the
same, but further out…
4C
Sketching Curves
The Reciprocal Function Example
Sketch the graph of the function
y = 1/x
x
The curve will be the
same, but reflected in
the x-axis
4C
Sketching Curves
Solving Equations and Sketching Example
On the same diagram, sketch the following
curves:
You need to be able to sketch 2
equations on a set of axes, as y x( x 3) and y x 2 (1 x)
well as solve equations based on
y y x( x 3)
graphs.
x
y x (1 x)
2
Cubic ‘negative’ shape 0 1 3
Crosses through 0
and 1. The ‘0’ is
repeated so just
‘touched’ y x 2 (1 x)
4D
Sketching Curves
Solving Equations and Sketching Example
On the same diagram, sketch the following
curves:
You need to be able to sketch 2
equations on a set of axes, as
y x( x 3) and y x 2 (1 x)
well as solve equations based on Find the co-ordinates of the points of
intersection
graphs.
These will be where the graphs are
y y x( x 3) equal…
x( x 3) x 2 (1 x) Expand
brackets
x 2 3x x 2 x3 Group
together
x x3 3x 0
0 1 3
Factorise
x( x 3) 0
2
y x 2 (1 x)
x0 x2 3 0
x2 3
x 3 4D
Sketching Curves
Solving Equations and Sketching Example
On the same diagram, sketch the following
curves:
You need to be able to sketch 2
equations on a set of axes, as
y x( x 3) and y x 2 (1 x)
well as solve equations based on Find the co-ordinates of the points of
intersection
graphs.
These will be where the graphs are
y x( x 3) equal…
x( x 3) x 2 (1 x) Expand
x=-√3 x=0 x=√3
brackets
y x( x 3) y x( x 3) y x( x 3) x 2 3x x 2 x3 Group
together
y 3( 3 3) y 0(0 3) y 3( 3 3) x3 3x 0
Factorise
y 33 3 y0 y 33 3 x( x 3) 0
2
4D
Sketching Curves
Solving Equations and Sketching Example
On the same diagram, sketch the following
curves:
You need to be able to sketch 2 2
equations on a set of axes, as y x ( x 1) and
2 y
well as solve equations based on x
y
graphs.
x x
0 1
2
x 2 ( x 1)
x Set equations
equal, and re-
2 arrange
x 2 ( x 1) 0
x And they cross in 2 places…
4D
Sketching Curves
More Transformations y
f(x) + 2
f ( x a)
Will be transformed horizontally x
‘-a’ units.
2 units
up
2 units
A curve with this function:
left
f ( x) a
Will be transformed vertically ‘a’ f(x + 2) The x values reduce by 2 for the
units same y values
f(x) + 2 The y values from the original
function increase by 2
4E
Sketching Curves
y f(x)
More Transformations
Standard curve
Label known points
y g(x) y h(x)
g(x) = (x + 3)2
Moved 3 units left 9
Work out new ‘key points’
x 3 x
-3
h(x) = x2 + 3
Moved 3 units up
Work out new ‘key points’
4E
Sketching Curves
More Transformations y
Given that:
f(x)
i) f(x) = x3
f(x – 1) = (x – 1)3
f(x – 1)
So for this curve, when x = 0, y = -1
It therefore crosses at y = -1
4E
Sketching Curves
More Transformations y
Given that: g(x + 1) g(x)
i) g(x) = x(x – 2)
4E
Sketching Curves
h(x) + 1
More Transformations y
Given that:
i) h(x) = 1/x
h(x) = 1/x
h(x) + 1 = 1/x + 1
y f ( x) y 2 f ( x)
You also need to know:
af ( x) ‘We will get y values twice
as big, using the same x
values’
this is a vertical stretch by factor ‘a’
This is because when we
work out the y values, they
are doubled after
4F
Sketching Curves
y f(x)
Even more Transformations
9
If x = 0
y 9 x2 (0,9)
y9
If y = 0
y 9 x2
y (3 x)(3 x) (3,0) (-3,0)
0 (3 x)(3 x)
4F
Sketching Curves
y f(x)
Even more Transformations
9
If x = 0 y f(2x)
9
y 9 (2 x) 2
y 9 4x2 (0,9)
x
y9 -1.5 1.5
If y = 0
y 9 4x2
y (3 2 x)(3 2 x) (-1.5,0) (1.5,0)
0 (3 2 x)(3 2 x)
4F
Sketching Curves
y f(x)
Even more Transformations
9
y 9 x2
y 2(9 x 2 ) (0,18)
x
y 18 -3 3
If y = 0
y 2(9 x 2 )
y 2(3 x)(3 x) (3,0) (-3,0)
0 2(3 x)(3 x)
4F
Summary
• We have learnt the shapes of several
different curves