What are responsible for hardness?

Temporary hardness
Permanent
Carbonate hardness
Non carbonate hardness
 Carbonates & bicarbonates
of Calcium and Magnesium

Temporary CaCO3 +
MgCO3+
Hardness Ca (HCO3)2+
Mg (HCO3)2

TOTAL
HARDNESS

Permanent
Hardness
Chlorides and sulphate of
calcium and magnesium
 ALWAYS EXPRESS HARDNESS IN TERMS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE ONLY…

AS THE GMW OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IS 100 IT IS EASY FOR

COMPUTATION

EXPRESSION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE EQUIVALANCE:

Calcium carbonate equivalence =

given data ( mass of the substance) X GMW of calcium carbonate
___________________________
GMW of hardness causing substance
Standards of Potable water
BIS and WHO
Standards of Boiler feed
water
Effect of hard water on steam production

BOILER TROUBLES
Scale and sludge
formation
scale-forming.mp4
 Boiler corrosion is defined as the decay or disintegration of the boiler material due to
chemical or electrochemical reactions.
S . No Source of corrosion Consequence Remedy

1 Dissolved oxygen

2 Dissolved CO2

3 Acids USE SOFT WATER

Only

Boiler corrosion how-boilers-are-corroded-in-the-industry-boiler-corrosion.mp4

Mechanical deaeration dearator-working-animation-ravi-industry.mp4