Lecture # 6

Human Resource and its

distribution
 Economic progress
Economic progress of a country depends on two
main factors:

(1) Natural resources.

(2) Trained manpower.
 Human Resource
“Human resources we mean the size of population of
a country along with its efficiency, educational
qualities, productivity, organizational abilities and
far sightedness.”

By human resource we mean human capital. Human

capital implies the abilities, skills and technical
knowhow among the population of the country
 .

Importance of Human
Resources
(i) Proper Utilisation of Resources
Human resources are considered important type
of resources for attaining economic development
of a country. Among various types of resources,
human resources are the most active type of
resources. Qualitative and quantitative
development of human resources is very much
required for the proper utilisation of natural
resources of the country.
ii) Increased Productivity
Human capital has been playing an important role in
the economic development of a country. Schultz,
Kenderick and Harbison have made some important
studies recently so as to point out that a major part
of the growth of national output in USA can be
attributed to increased productivity which has been
mostly realised out of capital formation.
In this connection Prof. Galbraith was of the view that
“we now get the larger part of industrial growth not
from more capital investment but from investment
in men and improvements brought about by
improved men.”
(iii) Development of Skills
Slow growth in underdeveloped countries is
mostly resulted from lack of investment in
human capital. These countries are suffering
from lack of critical skills required for its
industrial sector and also face the problem of
surplus labour force in its farm sector. Thus
human capital formation is very much required
for the economic development of the
underdeveloped countries.
 Development of Skills (Cont)
the underdeveloped countries are suffering from
shortage of technically trained and highly skilled
and educated persons and the developed
countries are maintaining high level of
investment on the development of manpower
resources.
(iv) Increased Volume of Output

As a result of human resource development, the

production increases as the knowledgeable and
skilled workers can make a rational use of all
resources at their disposal. With the imparted
knowledge, workers try to increase his output
and income. Attainment of vocational skills
helps the workers and all categories of
manpower to earn higher level of income in
various professions.
 Increased Volume of Output
(Cont)
The higher education and training at higher
educational set up like college and universities
usually enables workers to contribute liberally
towards faster expansion of output in technical,
engineering, machine building, accounting,
management etc. Moreover, improved health
facility can enhance physical capacity of workers.
Thus all these factors positively contribute
towards increased output.
(v) Addition to Productive Capacity
Human resource development in the form of
human capital formation can make necessary
addition to the productive capacity of a country
in humorous ways. By upgrading the
technological scenario along with improved
knowledge and skill can modernise the
production technologies and thereby can add to
the productive capacity of the country in general.
 Addition to Productive Capacity
(Cont)
Transfer of technology from foreign countries can
pave the way for adoption of modern technology
into production and thereby can improve the
productive capacities. Moreover, human capital
formation can promote higher growth of the
economy by adding physical stock of capital of
the country.
vi) Raises Per capita Income
Human resources development can raise per
capita income of the country through increased
formation of human capital. Imparting
knowledge can improve the productivity of
workers and therefore, can raise the per capita
income.
(vii) Tool for Economic Change
Human resource development can make the people
knowledgeable, skilled and physically fit. This can
also change the attitudes of the people and improve
the personal qualities of people.
Such changes are conducive to the development of
innovative capacity and entrepreneurship which
usually motivates people to work hard, take risks, do
research and apply them to produce new products
and also to develop new processes of production. All
these can work as a tool for economic change.
(viii) Improving Quality of Life
Human resources development can pave the way
for improving quality of life for the people in
general. This can be made possible through
improvements in the three components of
Human Development Index (HDI), i.e., rise in
per capita income, higher educational
attainments and increase in life expectancy
Role of Human Resource in Economic
Development
Human resources are playing an important role in
attaining economic development of a country.
Economic development of country involves
proper utilisation of its physical resources by its
labour force and other forms of manpower for
the proper utilisation of production potential of
the country.
Components of Economic Development

(a) An increase in the per capita income to raise

the level of living of the people;

(b) A fall in the magnitude and rate of

unemployment

(c) A consequent reduction in the number of

people living below poverty line.
Employment types
1. Permanent or fixed-term employees
2. Casual employees
3. Apprentices or trainees – employees
4. Employment agency staff – also called labour
hire
5. Contractors and sub-contractors – hired staff
Fulfilling HR Needs In An Organization
• Direct Hiring
• Work through Contractors
• Hiring through Agency
 Direct Hiring
• Receive payment as wages or salary

• Have their tax taken out by their employer

are based at your business, work at your home or are
Mobile

• Can be full-time, part-time, apprentices, trainees or

casual, and can be directed when, what and how to
do a task.
 Work through Contractors
• Doesn't receive wages, but invoices for their work
• Runs their own businesses
• Has their own insurance
• Does a set task, such as designing a computer
system – and once the task is done – the engagement
Ends
• Can work for more than one customer
• Can subcontract their work to others
• Provides their own equipment, or works from their
own base.
 Hiring through Agency
• The employment agency employs the worker, and you
pay the agency for the use of the worker for agreed hours
or a set period
• You can hire people at short notice with specific skills,
or for short or long-term projects
• Workers are usually short-term – so they may not
develop a loyalty to your business and take their
knowledge with them
• The agency pays the worker's wages and other
entitlements
• The agency will charge you a commission, agency or
finder's fee – adding extra expense.
 Nature of Employment

• Permanent Employees
• Casual Employees
• Apprentice Or Trainee
Permanent Employees

• A full-time employee can work a standard day

– for example, Monday to Friday 9 am to 5 pm.
• A part-time employee works regular set hours
but less than a full-time week – for example,
Wednesday to Friday 11 am to 1 pm.
• Some awards require an employer to roster a
part-time employee for a minimum of three
consecutive hours on any shift.
 Casual Employees

• Can be asked to work at short notice, with no

guarantee of regular hours
• Are not entitled to annual or personal/carer's leave
• Can be terminated without notice – unless they're
covered by an agreement or contract that specifies
otherwise
• Are good for irregular and short-term work
demands
• Offer a flexible arrangement for the employer and
employee.
 Apprentice Or Trainee
• Apprenticeships (also known as traineeships)
are a training contract between an employer and
an employee.
• The employer provides training and the
apprentice learns the occupation or trade. At the
end of the training, the apprentice gains a
nationally recognised qualification.
 Apprentice Or Trainee (Cont)
• Apprentices may be employed on a full or part-time
basis, can be of any age, and may already hold a
qualification. Training can be totally on-the-job, or a
combination of on and off-the-job programs.
• An apprentice wage varies depending on
qualification, type of training, and industry and is
generally entitled to the same superannuation,
workers' compensation or other requirements as
that of an employee.
• Businesses that employ apprentices may be eligible
for financial assistance
 .

Major occupations of people

 Stock Rearing

From the earliest times man has been rearing

cattle, such as buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses,
etc. These animals supply several basic needs of
man. They supply milk, butter, meat and leather.
They are used for transport and for tilling the
land
Stock Rearing (Cont)
People can take to stock-rearing for two reasons:
(1) The scarcity of other resources may make
stock-rearing the major occupation of the
people.
(2) Climatic conditions may make stock-rearing
a profitable means of earning foreign exchange.
Of these two, the former is traditional and" the
latter scientific and commercial.
 Stock Rearing (Cont)
In the tropical and sub-tropical regions, the interiors of
continents have vast stretches of dry lands. They do not
have sufficient moisture for agriculture. The same is true
of the cold Tundra tract, stretching towards the North
Pole. Climatic conditions rule out agriculture is these
areas. Grass is the only vegetation that can flourish. This
naturally makes stock-scaring the chief occupation of the
people. Sheep and goats supply milk, meat, butter, wool
and skins. Camels and horses are used for transport.
Most of the people are nomads. When a pasture-land has
no more grass, they move on in search of another one.
Stock Rearing in Pakistan
In Pakistan, traditional stock-rearing is done in
the Sulaiman Mountain Range, area of the North
Western Frontier Province, in the Cholistan area
of the Punjab and in a greater part of
Balochistan. Plans are under way to put stock-
rearing on a scientific footing, so that it fetches a
reasonable return to the people.
Mining
Mining is a very old occupation. Mining as an
occupation depends on the presence of mineral
wealth in a country. Mineral wealth includes
various metals, coal, oil, natural gas, stones of
various kinds, diamonds and scores of other
things lying under the surface of the earth which
arc scattered around. Various methods are in use
for taking out different kinds of minerals and for
making them in for use.
Mining (Cont)
Some minerals, like gypsum, lime, marble, building
stones, etc. can be had from open sites. However,
most of the mineral deposits lie buried under the
surface of earth. To haul them out, tunnels have to
be dug. This is how coal, iron, copper, gold, silver
and salt are taken out.
Oil fields and gas fields are embedded in the deep
layers of the earth. They are reached by drilling and
driving pipe-lines deep below, the surface of the
earth.
Mining in Pakistan
Pakistan has a big salt mine in the southern part
of the Potwar Plateau. Salt has been mined from
here for hundreds of years. In other parts of the
plateau, some oil wells have been drilled. Search
for more oil has continued. It is very
encouraging for Pakistan that large deposits of
oil and gas have recently been found at Dhodak
in Distt. Dera Ghazi Khan in the Punjab.
Mining in Pakistan (Cont)
Balochistan is the most important part in Pakistan
in respect of mineral wealth. Natural gas, coal,
bauxite and magnesium are already being
mined. Saindak & RECODIK copper project is
immense importance. It will yield large amounts
of copper, silver and gold when completed. The
greater part of the province lacks facilities of
transport. This has hindered the survey of
mineral deposits.
Agriculture

The greater part of mankind is busy in agriculture.

Leaving aside the snowbound Tundra and the
mountainous and the desert regions of the
world, agriculture is everywhere. an important
occupation. The development of farming
depends on good soil and suitable climate.
Different crops need different amounts of
moisture .and heat and different degrees of
richness in the soil.
Industry
• Cottage Industries
• Light Industry
• Heavy Industry
Cottage Industries

These are industries carried on by a few

individuals or by the members of a family on a
small scale. Machines used In cottage industries
are generally light such as power looms, paper-
cutting and printing machines and tool-making
machines etc.
Light Industry
Factories preparing sugar, textiles, flour, shoes
and other articles of daily use are called 'light
industry*. Machines used in light industry are
not light. With the help of machines and the
labour force they turn the raw material into
finished goods on a very large scale.
Heavy Industry

Factories which make machines etc, are known as

heavy industry. To make machines we need
metals and fuel. So the preparation of steel and
the refining of mineral ' oil are basic to heavy
industry. Countries that have developed heavy
industry manufacture heavy machines like
railway engines, electric machines, ships,
aeroplanes and the like. To make these heavy
machines, a country needs to have Its own steel
mills and its own oil refineries.
Major Industrial Areas in Pakistan
• Karachi
• Lahore
• Gujranwala
• Faisalabad
• Sialkot
• Rawalpindi
Major Industrial Areas in Pakistan
• Multan
• Peshawar
• Haripure
• Hub
• Gujrat
• Gadon Amazai
Trade

Trade has always been an important profession.

Trade means. the exchange of goods between
people. We have seen how people working in
their homes, workshops and factories are busy
manu­facturing different kinds of articles. Trade
is a means of putting these articles In the hands
of people who need them. In other words, trade
is a bridge between the producers of goods and
the users of goods.
International Trade
The system of international trade is" still more
complicated. Here the buying and selling of
various articles is done not between individuals
of the same country but between individuals of
various countries or between the countries
themselves. Different parts of the world differ in
physical features and climate. Naturally they
produce different kinds of crops and prepare
different kinds of goods . This gives rise to the
need for the exchange of all kinds of goods
between different countries.
Labor force- By occupation
• Agriculture: 42.3%

• Industry: 22.6%

• Services: 35.1% (FY2015 est.)

 .
Popular Professions in
Pakistan
 Job in Business Administration

MBA’s can earn people jobs with satisfactory

salaries. A person in business administration can
work at several positions. These positions
include bank manager, project manager, audit
officer, financial planner, marketing specialist,
HR manager or sales manager. Similarly, as the
economy grows, the need for business
administrators also expands.
 Chartered Accountants

People consider Chartered Accountancy as the

best paying job in Pakistan for 2017. As a result,
companies hire people for the major positions
that are related to the financial affairs of an
organization. Therefore, these important posts
may include Chief Accountant, Auditor, CFO, or
Financial Analyst, etc.
 I.T Professionals

I.T is an emerging field in Pakistan. Therefore, it

has started to contribute significantly towards
every aspect of life. As the demand for I.T
professionals is increasing internationally,
consequently, Pakistan has also become part of
the race. Similarly, many software houses are
working in the main cities of Pakistan. This leads
to highly paid jobs for I.T professionals.
 Career in Medical Field

People in Pakistan consider jobs in the medical

field as one the top and most respectable jobs.
Therefore it is safe to say that this one is among
the most Popular Professions in Pakistan.
Various specializations exist in this area, and
people work as a doctor, physician, dentist,
surgeon, physiotherapists, or other healthcare
jobs. Individuals in this field can earn a good
salary as their expertises grow
 Marketing

Marketing is a vital aspect of any organization’s

success for any product they deliver or services
they provide. Due to this, people in the
profession of marketing or brand management
often get financial and non-financial benefits
 HR Manager

HR managers are responsible for almost all

companies for the hiring, training, career
development, compensations, employee
relations and other compliances of an
organization. With a good HR manager, a
company can smoothly run their operations.
Therefore, it is a very nice profession in Pakistan
and females tend to be more interested in this
job.
 Career as Electronics Mechanical,
Software Engineer, Chemical Engineer
Engineering is a bright business in Pakistan. As a
result, employees dont get a fair amount of
salary as soon as they join. However, their skills
are polished, and they get their training.
Engineering is a vast field and gives one chance
to create their career in this sector. Hands-On
experience is critical on this ground and with
dedication and innovation, people can earn a bit
in this industry.
 Career in Pakistan Defense Forces

Being a part of National Army, Airforce, or Navy is

an honor and respect for the employee.
Therefore, a profession in National Defense is a
huge and stable occupation. It provides a
handsome salary as well. Furthermore, one can
join the forces as a cadet, an army officer,
captain, army soldier, or logistic officer with
many other opportunities as well.
 Civil Service

To be part of the public service on a provincial or

national level is a most popular profession in
Pakistan. The aspiration for the job is probably
evident from the number of people to appear in
the CSS exams every session. From around
30000 people enrolled in the exam about 3000
get selected. Hence, the ones chosen earn good
salary and authority.
 University Lecturer

Lecturers are receiving attractive salary packages

in the educational sector of Pakistan. As a result,
lecturership is a respectable job in Pakistan.
After a fair amount of experience, the salaries
increase as well. Hence making lecturership as
one of the top professions in Pakistan.
 Free Lancing
• A freelancer is an independent laborer who earns
wages on a per-job or per-task basis, typically for
short-term work.
• Benefits of freelancing include the freedom to work
from home or from a non-traditional workspace, a
flexible work schedule, and a better work-life
balance.
• An example of a freelancer would be an
independent journalist who reports on stories of
their own choosing and then sells them to the
highest bidder.
Bloggers
A blogger is someone who writes regularly for an
online journal or website. A political blogger
might provide weekly commentary on current
events. A personal blogger keeps a website which
may include diary-like entries, photographs, and
links to other sites.
 Vlogger
Vlogger means "Video Blogger." Video blogs are
a form of online television which are
increasingly common on sites such as Youtube.
Vloggers are people who regularly publish video
blogs.
 Affiliate Marketers
Affiliate marketing is a process where publishers
earn a commission by promoting a product or
service made by another retailer or advertiser
using an affiliate link. The affiliate partner is
rewarded a payout for providing a specific result
to the retailer or advertiser.
 Product Hunters
On Product Hunt, one can add new products you
find online to the site for others to find, if they
haven't already been launched on the platform.
This is called "hunting". Users that add products
like this are known as Hunters.
 Home Chef

A personal chef is a chef who is hired by different

clients and prepares meals in the clients' home
kitchens, based on their needs and preferences.
 Event Managers
Event management is the process of planning an
event. This is any type of event, whether hosted in-
person, virtually or hybrid. It's synonymous with
event planning and meeting planning.
 Catering

They provide food as customize orders of

difference customers at there required
destinations
 Fashion Designers
"A fashion designer creates clothing, including
dresses, suits, pants, and skirts, and accessories
like shoes and handbags, for consumers. He or
she can specialize in clothing, accessory, or
jewelry design, or may work in more than one of
these areas."
 Stylists
Fashion stylists work for individuals, fashion houses
and clothing brands. Their main responsibilities
include providing fashion advice; choosing and co-
ordinating outfits for models in photo shoots or
actors in television and film; and choosing props
and accessories and preparing them for shoots.
 Socioeconomic
The definition of socioeconomic is relating to
both economics and social factors. An
example of something socioeconomic is a
person's class in society based on how much
money he makes.
 Socio Economic Effect
Better Human resource improve the socio-
Economic conditions of the people
 .

Questions
 .

Thank You
Quiz # 3