TM 2 : PERILAKU ETIKA DALAM BISNIS

INTRO
Business and the professions function within a framework
created by the expectations of the public. Enron and the
subsequent Arthur Andersen and WorldCom scandals triggered
a “sea change” of new expectations for business governance
and the accounting profession around the world.
Subsequent scandals—the subprime lending fiasco and the
Madoff Ponzi scheme—have reinforced the need for new
standards and have pushed expectations to even higher levels.
Not surprisingly, the newest behavioural expectations are based
on an acceleration of business and professional ethics trends
that have been long in the making. As a result, business and
professional ethics have become key determinants of corporate
and personal success, and the focal points of research and
corporate change
ETHICS ENVIRONMENT
THE BATTLE of CREDIBILITY
• Banyak orang memiliki kepentingan dalam bisnis, aktivitas dan
dampaknya.
• Kenyataannya, tidak mungkin bisnis atau profesi dapat mencapai
tujuan strategis jangka panjang mereka tanpa dukungan dari
pemangku kepentingan utama, karyawan, pelanggan, kreditor,
pemasok, pemerintah, masyarakat tuan rumah, dan aktivis.
• Manajemen dan akuntan profesional yang melayani kepentingan
pemegang saham yang sering bertentangan secara langsung dan
publik secara tidak langsung harus menyadari harapan masyarakat
akan bisnis
• Kesadaran harus dikombinasikan dengan nilai-nilai tradisional dan
dimasukkan ke dalam kerangka kerja untuk pengambilan keputusan
etis dan tindakan
ETHICS ENVIRONMENT
Thee support for a business—and business in general
—depends on the credibility that stakeholders place
in corporate commitments, the company’s
reputation, and the strength of its competitive
advantage. All of these depend on the trust that
stakeholders place in a company’s activities. Trust, in
turn, depends on the values underlying corporate
activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
• AIR POLLUTION :
Exhaust pipe smog cause respiratory irritation
and disorders.
Acid rain, neutered lakes and defoliated trees
the dissipation of ozone layer, release of CFC
from residential and industrial refrigerant
• WATER POLLUTION :
Consentration of toxin
MORAL SENSITIVITY
• Equity in employment has resulted in laws,
regulations, compliance conditions in
contracts.
• Pay equity programs
• Buyer beware, tend to protect corporation,
transform to Vendor beware which favor
individual consumer
FINANCIAL SCANDALS
• EXPECTATIONS GAP : the difference between
what public thinks it’s getting in audited
financial statements and what it is actually
getting
• CREDIBILITY GAP : has spread from financial
stewardship to encompass the other sphere of
corporate activity
Governance Failures & Risk
Assessment
• The Enron, Arthur Andersen, and WorldCom series of disasters
made it clear that current existing modes governing companies
and reporting on their activities were not sufficient to protect
investors’ interests and, more broadly, the public interest in
orderly markets and corporate activities.
• The oversight by company directors failed to contain the greed of
executives, managers, and other employees. These and other
companies were out of control, and unacceptable practices
resulted.
• Governance reform was perceived as necessary to protect the
public interest. Where di- rectors had been expected to assess
and make sure that the risks faced by their corporation were
properly managed, ethics risks were now seen to be a key aspect
of the process
ECONOMIC and COMPETITIVE
PRESSURES
• Pace of economic activity : if slow, corporation
will suffer of no growth or shrinking volume.
• Global competitors and the drive for new,
improved, costly technology shrank profit
margin.
• Global markets, led the manufacturer and
sourcing of products throughout the world.
BAD JUDGMENTS AND ACTIVIST
STAKEHOLDERS
• Directors and managers are human, they make
mistakes.
• Ethical consumers, interested in buying
products and services that were made in
ethically acceptable manners.
• Ethical investors, their investments should not
only make a reasonable return but also do so in
an ethical manner
• Business decisions are being judged against
different standards
SYNERGY AMONG FACTORS AND
ISNTITUTIONAL REINFORCEMENT
• Business executives if acting on the public
concerns can make companies and society
better, not poorer.
• Public’s awareness impacts on politicians who
react by preparing new laws or by tightening
regulations.
OUTCOMES
Public expectations have changed to exhibit less tolerance, heightened moral
consciousness, and higher expectations of business behavior. In response to
this heightening of expectations, a number of watchdogs and advisors have
emerged to help or harry the public and business.
Organizations such as Greenpeace, Pollution Probe, and Coalition for
Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES, formerly the Sierra Club)
now maintain a watching brief on the business–environment interface.
Consultants are available to advise corporations and so-called ethical
investors on how to screen activities and investments for both profitability
and ethical integrity. Mutual funds that specialize in ethical investments have
sprung up to service the needs of small investors. Large investor activity has
also become evident as many public-sector and not- for-profit pension funds
have taken an active interest in the governance of their investee corporations
and have presented shareholder resolutions designed to cover their concerns.
In the face of all of this interest, politicians have responded by increasing
regulations and the fines, and penalties (both personal and corporate)
involved for malfeasance. The credibility gap has not favored business
organizations. Lack of credibility has brought increasing regulation,
international standards, as well as mainstream interest, and profound
changes in governance and management practices.
Apa yang dapat dilakukan akuntan professional
untuk mencegah berkembangnya credibility
gap dan expectations gap?

Why might ethical corporate behavior lead

to higher profitability?

end of presentation