LIPATAN

fold
FOLDS

• Folds are undulations in rocks and are best

displayed in layered sequences
(Badgley, 1965)

• Anticline is “opposite inclined”

Syncline is “together inclined” (Greek)
(Billings, 1986)
FOLDS (LIPATAN)

• Perlipatan pada perlapisan batuan akibat deformasi.

• Dalam gambaran 3 dimensi struktur lipatan berupa kerutan berukuran
kecil hingga bentuk dome atau basin berukuran ratusan kilometer.
• Lipatan akibat gaya kompresi pada tepi lempeng,
dari kerak bumi akan me-
mendek dan menebal
(Hamilton, hal 179)
ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM

• An anticline is a fold that is convex in the direction

of the youngest beds in the folded sequence
A special kind of anticline is a synformal anticline
• A syncline is a fold that is convex in the direction
of the oldest beds in the folded sequence
A special kind of syncline is an antiformal syncline

anticline syncline
young

old
synformal antiformal
anticline syncline
ANTICLINE & SYNCLINE vs ANTIFORM & SYNFORM

antiformal
syncline

synformal
anticline

anticline syncline
ANTICLINE
Membentuk lengkungan ke
atas pada lapisan batuan
dengan 2 sayap, dari
lengkung maksimum ke
arah bawah.
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )
SYNCLINE
Membentuk lengkungan ke bawah
pada lapisan batuan dengan 2
sayap, dari lengkung bawah ke arah
atas.
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 ).
DOME and BASIN

Topografi dome dan basin : bagian yang naik dan bagian

yang turun dari lapisan batuan, tererosi membentuk pola
melingkar atau elipsoid. (Hamilton, WK., hal 183)
MONOCLINE

Lipatan yang hanya mempunyai satu

sayap hampir datar
( Hamilton, WK., hal180 )
HINGE, CREST, TROUGH, and INFLECTION POINTS
CREST POINT=
HINGE POINT CREST POINT
Horizontal line
HINGE POINT

INFLECTION INFLECTION
Horizontal line
POINT POINT

HINGE POINT
HINGE POINT= TROUGH POINT
TROUGH POINT
SYMMETRY ASYMMETRY

• Hinge point is a point of maximum curvature

• Inflection point is a point where the curve changes
from concave to convex
• Crest point is the highest point of the curvature
• Trough point is the lowest point of the curvature
CULMINATION and SADDLE

CULMINATION SADDLE
C
H
C
C-C = Crest line H
H-H = Hinge line IH
I-I = Inflection line I C
T-T = Trough line C H
H
I
I
H

H
T
FOLDS

HINGE/
CREST AXIAL
SURFACE SURFACE
BACK LIMB

HINGE/
AXIAL
SURFACE

BACK LIMB

FORE LIMB
TROUGH
SURFACE
BACKLIMB and FORELIMB

CREST P
LANE

HINGE
PLANE
HINGE L
INE
CREST
LINE

FORELIMB
BACKLIMB
GEOMETRY OF FOLD
PERHATIKAN ARAH PENUNJAMAN SUMBU LIPATANNYA!!
PLUNGING ANTICLINE
Folds
Syncline, Israel
Folds

Which deformation
and stresses
cause theses
structures ?

Folding of Shale-Sandstone
sequence, Kings Canyon,
California
SYMMETRY

A Symmetrical folds; B Asymmetrical folds; dan C Overturned folds
Over folds;
(Tarbuck, EJ., hal 169)
CLASSIFICATION

Symmetrical folds Asymmetrical folds

Overturned folds Overfolds Recumbent folds

(Billings, MP. Hal 50)

CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
Folds
Folds Classification

Fold classification based on interlimb angle

(Fleuty, 1964)
Interlimb Angle Description of fold
180º–120º Gentle
120º–70º Open
70º–30º Tight
30º–0º Isoclinal
Negative angle Mushroom
… FOLD CLASSIFICATION
DIAPIRIC (SALT) INTRUSION
DIAPIRIC FOLDS
Folds
Folded Appalachians, near Harrisburg, PA

Near Harrisburg, PA, Source: NASA

Folds
Syncline-Anticline
Pairs
+ Domes at Zagros
Mts, Iran

NASA “Earth as Art” web page

Folds
Grenville Dome: Sinclair, WY
Folds and Faults
Folds and thrust are both responsible for the
orogens R.W.H. Butler

Fold-thrust complex developed in Upper Jurassic limestones in the

Haut Giffre area of the Subalpine thrust belt (Morcles nappe in France)
FOLD IN GEOLOGIC MAP

Sebagai panduan dalam penyelidikan geologi ke

dalam peta geologi (Hamilton WK., hal 179)
EXAMPLES OF OIL TRAPS
Folds
Oil and Gas Concentrate in Domes

Chernicoff and Whitney

Perangkap migas pd kubah garam
BASIC FOLD MECHANISM
BUCKLING
Mekanisme pelipatan
BUCKLING
BASIC FOLD MECHANISM

FLEXURAL-SLIP

Flexural slip folding, involving layer

parallel shearing

Kink or chevron folding, involving ductile

yielding in hinge areas and leyer-parallel
shearing along limbs.

Shear folding, involving slip planes that

transect primary layering
FOLD, FRACTURES AND LITHOLOGY

Distribution of cleavage and fracture attitude and

spacing may vary with lithology
FAULT-RELATED FOLDING
FAULT-RELATED FOLDS (lipatan krn. Pensesaran)
LESSONS LEARNED

• Selama perlipatan lapisan2 yg terlipat tdk dpt mempertahankan

ketebalan aslinya.

• Lapisan yg terlipat terdiri dari “multilayers”, lap yg berbeda

memiliki sifat mekanik yg berbeda pula.

•Terjadi “layer-parallel shortening” sebelum perlipatan dan

“homogeneous shortening” selama perlipatan yg menyebabkan
penipisan di bag sayap dan penebalan di bag sumbu.

Degree of rock competency (high to low):

Sedimentary Rocks: dolomite, arkose, quartz sandstone, greywacke,

limestone, siltstone, marl, shale, anhydrite, halite

Metamorphic Rocks: meta-basalts, granite, qtz-flpar-mica gneiss,

quartzite, marble, mica shist