AUDITING & ASSURANCE

STANDARDS
OF ICAI
 AAS 1 :
Basic principles governing an
audit:-
Basic principles governing an audit:-

1. Govern the auditor’s professional

responsibilities, which should be complied with
for all audits.

2. Compliance with the basic principles requires the

application of auditing procedures and reporting
practices appropriate to the particular
circumstances.
 principles
 The standard enunciates the following principles as integral part of any
audit carried out by a member of the ICAI.

 They are:

1. Integrity,
2. Objectivity and Independence,
3. Confidentiality,
4. Skills and Competence,
5. Work Performed by Others,
6. Documentation,
7. Audit Evidence,
8. Accounting System and Internal Control,
9. Audit Conclusions and Reporting,
AAS 2 : Objective and scope of the audit of
financial statements
1. Objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable an auditor to express an
opinion. Responsibility for the preparation of financial statements is that of the
management of the enterprise.
2. The scope of an audit will be determined by the terms of the engagement, the
requirements of relevant legislation and the pronouncements of the Institute.
3. The terms of engagement cannot restrict the scope of an audit in relation to matters
which are prescribed by legislation or by the pronouncements of the Institute.
4. The audit should cover all relevant aspects of the enterprise, ensure sufficiency and
reliability of the information contained in the underlying accounting records/source
data and proper disclosure.
5. It reognises the test nature of audit, exercise of judgment in deciding extent and
nature of audit procedures, and judgment nature of audit opinion.
6. Constraints on the scope of the audit should form part of his report, and a
qualified/disclaimer of opinion be considered.
 AAS 3 : Audit documentation

Requires an auditor to prepare sufficient

and appropriate audit documentation that
provides a record of the basis for the
auditor’s report and to demonstrate that
the audit was performed in accordance with
AASs and applicable legal and regulatory
requirements
 Audit documentation
It includes working papers (on paper or on
electronic media), audit programmes,
analyses, issues memoranda, letters of
confirmation and representation, checklists,
extracts of important documents,
correspondence concerning significant
matters, and schedules of work the auditor
performed.
AAS 4 : The auditor’s responsibility to
consider fraud and error in financial
statements
Audit planning must involve risk of material misstatements
due to fraud and errors.
"Error" refers to an unintentional misstatement in the
financial statements, including the omission of an amount or
a disclosure
"Fraud" refers to an intentional act by one or more
individuals among management, those charged with
governance, employees, or third parties, involving the use of
deception to obtain an unjust or illegal advantage. Fraud
misstatements may include fraudulent financial reporting
and misstatements resulting from misappropriation of
assets.
The auditor’s responsibility to consider
fraud and error in financial statements
Primary responsibility for prevention and detection of
fraud and errors rests with the management. Audit cannot
guarantee an absolute assurance about absence of material
misstatements due to fraud and errors.

The auditor must consider factors stated in AAS 6, AAS 29

and AAS 13 while analyzing a misstatement to be
indicative of fraud. He must document the procedures
carried out and finding thereof.
 AAS 5 : Audit evidence

Auditor should evaluate whether he has obtained

sufficient appropriate audit evidence before
drawing conclusions.
Judgment as to what is sufficient appropriate
audit evidence should be evaluated by
considerations such as risk of misstatement,
internal controls, materiality, trends and ratios,
and so on.
 AAS 6 : Risk assessments and
internal control
Obtain an understanding of the accounting and internal
control systems to plan audit, assess audit risk and design
procedures to ensure it is reduced to an acceptably low level.
1. "Audit risk" means the risk that the auditor gives an
inappropriate audit opinion when the financial statements are
materially misstated. It has 3 components: inherent risk,
control risk and detection risk.
2. "Inherent risk" is the susceptibility of an account
balance or class of transactions to misstatement that could be
material, either individually or when aggregated with
misstatements in other balances or classes, assuming that
there were no related internal controls.
 Risk assessments and internal
control
3. "Control risk" is the risk that a misstatement that could
occur in an account balance or class of transactions and
that could be material, either individually or when
aggregated with misstatements in other balances or classes,
will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely
basis by the accounting and internal control systems.
4. "Detection risk" is the risk that an auditor’s
substantive procedures will not detect a misstatement that
exists in an account balance or class of transactions that
could be material, either individually or when aggregated
with misstatements in other balances or classes.
 AAS 8 : Audit planning

Plans should be made to cover at least (a) acquiring knowledge

of the client’s accounting systems, policies and internal control
procedures; (b) establishing the expected degree of reliance to
be placed on internal control; (c) determining and
programming the nature, timing, and extent of the audit
procedures to be performed; and (d) coordinating the work to
be performed.
Planning should be continuous throughout the engagement. It
must involve overall plan for the expected scope and conduct of
the audit and nature, timing and extent of audit procedures.
 AAS 13 : Audit materiality
Information is material if its misstatement (omission or
erroneous statement) could influence the economic decisions
of users taken on the basis of the financial information.
Materiality depends on the size and nature of the item,
judged in the circumstances of its misstatement. The
assessment of what is material is a matter of professional
judgment. Materiality can be considered at individual
account balances, classes of transaction, legal and regulatory
requirements, cumulative impact of small misstatements.
Materiality should be considered while determining the
nature, timing and extent of audit procedures, evaluating the
effect of misstatements and degree of audit risk.
 AAS 14 : Analytical procedures


"Analytical procedures" means the analysis of significant
ratios and trends including the resulting investigation of
fluctuations and relationships that are inconsistent with
other relevant information or which deviate from
predicted amounts.
Auditor should apply analytical procedures at the planning
(in understanding business and potential risks) and overall
review stages of the audit.
Analytical procedures include comparisons of the entity’s
financial information with comparable information – for
prior periods, of budgets or forecasts, estimation of
depreciation charge for the year etc., and similar industry
data
 AAS 15: Audit Sampling
 When using either statistical or non–statistical sampling methods, the auditor should design
and select an audit sample, perform audit procedures thereon, and evaluate sample results so
as to provide sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
 When designing an audit sample, the auditor should consider the specific audit objectives, the
population from which the auditor wishes to take sample, and the sample size.
 To assist in the efficient and effective design of the sample, stratification may be appropriate.
Stratification is the process of dividing a population into sub–populations.
 When determining the sample size, the auditor should consider sampling risk, the tolerable
error, and the expected error. Tolerable error is the maximum error in the population that
the auditor would be willing to accept and still conclude that the result from the sample has
achieved the audit objective.
 If the auditor expects error to be present in the population, a larger sample needs to be
examined to conclude that the actual error in the population is not greater than the planned
tolerable error. The auditor should select sample items in such a way that the sample can be
expected to be representative of the population.
 This requires that all items in the population have an opportunity of being selected. After
having carried out, on each sample item, those audit procedures that are appropriate to the
particular audit objective, the auditor should analyse any errors detected in the sample,
project the errors found in the sample to the population and reassess the sampling risk.
 AAS 16: Going Concern

 When planning and performing audit procedures

and in evaluating the results thereof, the auditor should
consider the appropriateness of the going concern
assumption underlying the preparation of the financial
statements.
 An entity’s continuance as a going concern for foreseeable
future, generally a period not to exceed one year after the
balance sheet date, is assumed in preparation of financial
statements in absence of information to the contrary.
 Auditor should consider the risk that going concern
assumption may no longer be appropriate. Indications of
risk that continuance as a going concern may be
questionable could come from the financial statements,
operational activities or from other sources.
 AAS 17: Quality Control for Audit
Work
 Quality control policies and procedures should be implemented at both the
level – of audit firm and on individual audits.
 The audit firm should implement quality control policies and procedures
designed to ensure that all audits are conducted in accordance with Statements
on Auditing and Assurance Standards.
 The objectives of quality control policies to be adopted will incorporate
Professional Requirements, Skills and Competence, Assignment, Delegation,
Consultation, Acceptance and Retention of Clients, Monitoring.
 The firm’s general quality control policies and procedures should be
communicated to its personnel in a manner that provides reasonable assurance
that the policies and procedures are understood and implemented.
 The auditor should implement those quality control procedures which are, in
the context of the policies and procedures of the firm, appropriate to the
individual audit.
 The auditor should consider the professional competence of assistants
performing work delegated to them when deciding the extent of direction,
supervision and review appropriate for each assistant. Assistants to whom
work is delegated need appropriate direction, supervision and review of the
audit work performed by them.
 AAS 18: Audit of Accounting
Estimates
The auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding
reasonableness of accounting estimates. Accounting estimate means an
approximation of the amount of an item in the absence of a precise
means of measurement. The determination of an accounting estimate
may be simple or complex, depending upon the nature of the item.

The auditor should adopt one or a combination of the following

approaches in the audit of an accounting estimate:
a. review and test the process used by management to develop the
estimate;
b. use an independent estimate for comparison with that prepared by
management; or
c. review subsequent events which confirm the estimate made
 AAS 19: Subsequent Events

 Subsequent events are significant events

occurring between the balance sheet date
and the date of the auditor’s report.
 The auditor should consider the effect of
subsequent events on the financial
statements and on the auditor’s report.
 AAS 20: Knowledge of the Business
 The auditor should obtain knowledge of the business in
performing an audit of financial statements, sufficient to
enable the auditor to identify and understand the events,
transactions and practices that, in the auditor’s judgment,
may have a significant effect on the financial statements or
on the examination or audit report. Such knowledge is
used by the auditor in assessing inherent and control risks
and in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit
procedures. Obtaining the required knowledge of the
business is a continuous and cumulative process of
gathering and assessing the information and relating the
resulting knowledge to audit evidence and information at
all stages of the audit.
AAS 21: Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an
Audit of Financial Statements

 The auditor should recognize that non–

compliance by the entity with laws and
regulations may materially affect the
financial statements. It is management’s
responsibility to ensure that the entity’s
operations are conducted in accordance
with laws and regulations. The auditor is
not responsible for preventing non–
compliance.
 AAS 22: Initial Engagements —
Opening Balances
 For initial audit engagements, the auditor should obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence that the closing balances of the preceding
period have been correctly brought forward to the current period.
 The opening balances do not contain misstatements that materially
affect the financial statements for the current period.
 Appropriate accounting policies are consistently applied. The auditor
should consider whether the accounting policies followed in the
preceding period, as per which the opening balances have been arrived
at, were appropriate and that those policies are consistently applied.
 Ordinarily, the current auditor can place reliance on the closing
balances contained in the financial statements for the preceding
period, except when during the performance of audit procedures for
the current period the possibility of misstatements in the opening
balances is indicated.
 AAS 23: Related Parties

 The auditor should perform audit

procedures designed to obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence regarding the
identification and disclosure by
management of related parties and the
related party transactions that are material
to the financial statements.
 Definitions regarding related parties are
given in Accounting Standard 18 and are
adopted for the purposes of this AAS.
AAS 24: Audit Considerations relating to
Entities Using Service Organisations

 The auditor should consider how a service organisation affects the

client’s accounting and internal control systems so as to plan the audit
and develop an effective audit approach.
 The policies and procedures established and executed by service
organisations are physically and operationally separate from the client’s
organisation.
 When the service organisation executes the client’s transactions and
maintains accountability, the client may deem it necessary to rely on
policies and procedures of the service organisation.
 If the auditor of the client concludes that the activities of the service
organisation are significant to the entity and relevant to the audit, the
auditor should obtain sufficient information to understand the
accounting and internal control systems of the service organisation and
to assess control risk.
 AAS 25: Comparatives

 Existence of differences in financial reporting frameworks

results in comparative financial information being
presented differently in each framework. The frameworks
and methods of presentation that are referred to in this
AAS are corresponding figures where amounts and other
disclosures for the preceding period are included as part of
the current period financial statements and Comparative
Financial Statements where amounts and other disclosures
for the preceding period are included for comparison with
the financial statements of the current period. The auditor
should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence that
the corresponding figures meet the requirements of the
relevant financial reporting framework.
 AAS 26: Terms of Audit
Engagements

 The auditor and the client should agree on

the terms of the engagement. The agreed
terms would need to be recorded in an audit
engagement letter or other suitable form of
contract. This AAS is intended to assist the
auditor in the preparation of engagement
letters relating to audits and other related
services.
 AAS 27: Communications of Audit Matters with
Those Charged with Governance
 The auditor should communicate audit matters to those
charged with governance of an entity. Such matters may
include: Overall scope of the audit; the selection of or
changes in, significant accounting policies; the potential
effect on the financial statements of any significant risks
and exposures, such as pending litigation; adjustments to
financial statements arising out of audit that have, or could
have, a significant effect on the entity’s financial
statements; material uncertainties related to events and
conditions that may cast significant doubt on the entity’s
ability to continue as a going concern, disagreements with
management about matters that could be significant to the
entity’s financial statements or the auditor’s report;
expected modifications to the auditor’s report.
 AAS 28: The Auditor’s Report on
Financial Statements
 The auditor should review and assess the conclusions drawn from the
audit evidence obtained as the basis for the clearly written expression of an
opinion on the financial statements.
 The auditor’s report includes basic elements such as Title, Addressee,
Opening or introductory paragraph, Scope paragraph (describing the
nature of an audit), Opinion paragraph, Date of the report, Place of
signature, and the Auditor’s signature.
 The auditor should incorporate in the audit report, the matters specified
by the statute or regulator and report in the form prescribed by them in
addition to the requirements of this AAS.
 Unqualified opinion should be expressed when the auditor concludes that
the financial statements give a true and fair view. Auditor’s report is
considered to be modified when it includes emphasis of matter when it
does not affect the auditor’s opinion.
 Auditor’s report is considered to be qualified, disclaimer or adverse
opinion when it contains matters which affect their opinion.
 AAS 29: Auditing in a Computer
Information Systems Environment
 The overall objective and scope of an audit does not change in a
Computer Information Systems (CIS) environment. However, the use
of a computer changes the processing, storage, retrieval and
communication of financial information and may affect the accounting
and internal control systems employed by the entity.
 The auditor should consider the effect of a CIS environment on the
audit.
 The auditor should have sufficient knowledge of the computer
information systems to plan, direct, supervise, control and review the
work performed. If the use of such a professional is planned, the
auditor should apply procedures as per AAS 9. In planning the
portions of the audit which may be affected by the CIS environment,
the auditor should obtain an understanding of the significance and
complexity of the CIS activities and the availability of the data for use
in the audit.
 AAS 30: External Confirmations

 External confirmation is the process of obtaining and

evaluating audit evidence through a direct communication
from a third party in response to a request for information
about a particular item. Before making use of external
confirmations, the auditor should consider materiality, the
assessed level of inherent and control risk, and how the
evidence from other planned audit procedures will reduce
audit risk to an acceptably low level. The auditor should
employ external confirmation procedures in consultation
with the management. External confirmations are mostly
sought for account balances and their components but they
are not to be restricted to these items only. The use of
confirmation procedures may be effective in providing
sufficient appropriate audit evidence when auditor
determines the higher level of assessed inherent and
control risk.
 AAS 31: Engagements to Compile
Financial Information
 In such types of engagements, the accountant uses accounting expertise as
against auditing expertise to collect, classify and summarize financial
information.
 The accountant should comply with the "Code of Ethics", issued by ICAI.
However, where the accountant is not independent, a statement to that
effect should be made in the accountant’s report.
 It should be ensured that there is a clear understanding between the client
and the accountant regarding the terms of the engagement by means of an
engagement letter or such other suitable form of contract.
 Accountant should obtain an acknowledgement from management of its
responsibility for appropriate preparation and presentation of financial
statements or other information and of its approval of such information to
be compiled.
 Accountant should also obtain an acknowledgement from management of
its responsibility for accuracy and completeness of underlying accounting
data and complete disclosure of all material and relevant information
 AAS 32: Engagements to Perform Agreed-
upon Procedures regarding Financial
Information

 In an engagement to perform agreed–upon procedures, the

auditor is engaged by the client to issue a report of factual
findings, based on specified procedures performed on
specified matters of a financial statement.
 As the auditor simply provides a report of the factual
findings of agreed–upon procedures, no assurance is
expressed by them in the report.
 The report is restricted to those parties that have agreed to
the procedures to be performed since others, unaware of the
reasons for the procedures, may misinterpret the results.
 The auditor should comply with the Code of Ethics, issued
by ICAI.
 AAS 33: Engagements to Review
Financial Statements
 This standard provides extensive guidance on the procedures
and enquiries to be employed by the auditors on quarterly
unaudited financial results of companies listed on stock
exchanges in India which are subject to limited review by the
chartered accountants.
 Unlike an audit, a review engagement is based mainly on
analytical procedures and inquiries conducted by the auditor.
 This standard establishes standards and provide guidance on
the auditor’s professional responsibilities and on the form
and content of the report that the auditor issues in connection
with a review.
 This standard deals with issues such as scope of the review,
level of assurance, terms of engagement, planning,
documentation, review procedures, conclusions and reporting
requirements in the review engagements.
 AAS 34: Audit Evidence — Additional
Consideration for Specific Items
 The objective of this standard is to establish
standards on auditor’s responsibilities, audit
procedures and provide guidance, in addition to
that provided in AAS–5, "Audit Evidence", with
respect to certain specific financial statement
amounts and other disclosures. It provides
guidance with respect to definition, procedures,
management representations and audit
conclusions and reporting for each of following
parts. This standard assists the auditor to obtain
audit evidence with respect to following aspects:
 Part A: Attendance at Physical
Inventory Counting

 Management ordinarily establishes procedures under which inventory

is physically counted at least once in a year to serve as a basis for
preparation of financial statements or to ascertain reliability of the
perpetual inventory system.
 When inventory is material to the financial statements, the auditor
should obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding its
existence and condition by attendance at physical inventory counting
unless impracticable. If unable to attend the physical inventory count
on the date planned due to unforeseen circumstances, the auditor
should take or observe some physical counts on an alternative date
and where necessary, perform alternative audit procedures to assess
whether changes in inventory between date of physical count and
period end date are correctly recorded.
Part B: Inquiry regarding Litigation
and claims
 The auditor should carry out audit procedures in
order to become aware of any litigation and claims
involving the entity which may have a material
effect on the financial statements. The letter
seeking direct communication with the entity’s
lawyers and such other professionals to whom the
entity engages for litigation and claims should be
prepared by management. If management refuses
to give the auditor permission to communicate
with the entity’s lawyers, this would constitute a
limitation on the scope of auditor’s work.
Part C: Valuation and Disclosure of
Long- Term Investments

 Audit procedures regarding long–term

investments ordinarily include obtaining audit
evidence with respect to their ownership and
existence as to whether the entity has the ability to
continue to hold the investments on a long-term
basis and discussing with management whether
the entity will continue to hold the investments as
long–term investments and obtaining written
representations to that effect.
 Part D: Segment Information

 The auditor considers segment information

in relation to financial statements taken as a
whole, and is not required to apply auditing
procedures that would be necessary to
express an opinion on the segment
information standing alone. Audit
procedures regarding segment information
ordinarily consist of analytical procedures
and other audit tests appropriate in the
circumstances.
 AAS 35: The Examination of
Prospective Financial Information
In an engagement to examine prospective financial information, the
auditor should obtain sufficient appropriate evidence as to whether:
a. management’s best–estimate assumptions are not unreasonable and,
in the case of hypothetical assumptions, such assumptions are
consistent with the purpose of information
b. prospective financial information is properly prepared on the basis
of assumptions
c. prospective financial information is properly presented and all
material assumptions are adequately disclosed, including whether they
are best–estimate assumptions or hypothetical assumptions and
d. prospective financial information is prepared on a consistent basis
with historical financial statements, using appropriate accounting
principles
THANK YOU