THE PARTS OF

SPEECH
 WHAT IS A NOUN?

 person place thing

Nouns are names of persons, animals, things, places,

events, and ideas.
 Common nouns talk about general names of persons,
animals, things, places, and events.
 Examples: boy, dog, car, school, holiday

 Proper nouns talk about specific names of persons,

animals, things, places, and events.
 Examples: Kyle, Snoopy, Hyundai, Wishbone
Kiddie Camp,
Independence Day
 A singular noun names only one person, thing, animal,
place, and event.
 Examples: student, book, dog, school, school
program

 A plural noun names two or more persons, things,

animals, places, and events.
 Examples: students, books, dogs, schools, school
programs
 PRONOUN
 A pronoun can replace a noun.

 Example:

 Mark----He
 Mary-----She
 Mark and Mary-----They
 PRONOUN TYPES:
Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, whose,
theirs
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, whom, them
Subjective: I, you, he, she, it, we, who, they
Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself,
ourselves, themselves
Indefinite: anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody

Reciprocal each other, one another

 PRONOUN PRACTICE
Identify the pronouns in the following sentences:

1. They have never been so happy.

2. It was a really good day today.
3. She was upset with herself for failing it.
4. You and I should take a walk.
5. The candy is neither yours nor mine.
 PRONOUNS (cont’d)
 The noun to which the pronoun refers is called
the antecedent.
 For example:

Allen got off work at seven, then he went home.

He=pronoun Allen=antecedent

Maria is a very bright student; she made all A’s on her

report card.

She, Her=pronouns Maria=antecedent

 WHAT IS A VERB?
 Thereare two types of verbs that we will
look out closely:

 Action Verb

 Linking Verb
 ACTION VERBS
 Action verbs express action, something
that a person, animal, force of nature, or
thing can do

Playing Driving
LINKING/ HELPING VERB
 Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express action.
Instead, they connect the subject of a verb to additional
information about the subject.
 Any form of the verb “Be”
 Am
 Were
 Has
 Been
 Are being
 Is
 seem, look, feel, sound, and taste.
 example: Austin and Ella were tired. The word were links
the subject, Austin and Ella, to the predicate, tired.
 ADJECTIVE
Adjectives are words that describe or modify
another person or thing in the sentence

Adjectives are descriptive words!

 ADJECTIVE
Descriptive adjectives: Describe the noun.
Ex: red house tall man large hut

Limiting Adjectives: Limits or specifies the noun

Ex: high school student, two teams, every employee
 ADVERBS
 Adverbs are words that modify
*a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
*an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was
his car?)
*another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle.
— How slowly did she move?)

 some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic

"ly" suffix
 Answers questions such as: "how," "when," "where,"
"how much".
 CONJUNCTIONS
 A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects
(conjoins) parts of a sentence.

 Coordinating Conjunctions
 And
 Or
 But
 For
 Nor
 So
 Yet
 CONJUNCTIONS
 A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause
and indicates the nature of the
relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent
clause(s).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are: after,
although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that,
though, until, when, where, whether, and while.
 Examples of Subordinating Conjunction:
 My father believes that I should be a writer.
 He inspires me always because he believes in me.
 He works so hard that he can provide everything we need.
 I trust him because he is a trustworthy person.
 My life will be blessed if I fulfill his dreams.
 CONJUNCTIONS
 Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you
use them to link equivalent sentence elements.
 The most common correlative conjunctions are:

both...and, either...or, neither...nor,

not only...but also, so...as, and whether...or
example: either/or - I want either the cheesecake or the
chocolate cake.
both/and - We'll have both the cheesecake and the
chocolate cake.
 CONJ. Practice!
 Identify the conjunctions in the following sentences;
then, tell what type of conj. they are.
1. After the movie, let’s go out to eat.
2. Neither Sam nor Vinny ate lunch.
3. Susan makes good grades because she studies every
night.
4. Either you will put forth effort in your classes or you
will not do your best.
 PREPOSITIONS
 A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a
sentence. Some common prepositions are:
at, under, over, of, to, in, out, beneath, beyond, for, among, after,
before, within, down, up, during, without, with, outside, inside,
beside, between, by, on, out, from, until,
toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.

 examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
 OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION
 The Object of the Preposition
Recognize an object of the preposition when you see one.
 Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To complete
the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with
a noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition.
Here are some examples:
 At noon
 At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the preposition.
 Behind them
 Behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the
preposition.
 OBJECT OF THE
PREPOSITION
 Without sneezing
 Without = preposition; sneezing = gerund or the object of the
preposition.

 The object of the preposition will often have modifiers that add
description:
 At the kitchen counter
 At = preposition; the, kitchen = modifiers; counter = noun or
the object of the preposition.

 Between us only
 Between = preposition; us = pronoun or the object of the
preposition; only = modifier.
 Without completely finishing
 Without = preposition; completely = modifier; finishing = gerund or
the object of the preposition.
 Kinds of
SENTENCES
SENTENCES

 A sentence isa group of words that expresses a

complete thought. A sentence names someone or
something and tells what that person or thing is
or does.

Example:

Sam went to the store.

FRAGMENTS

 A fragment is a group of words that do not

express a complete thought.

Example:
Bought lots of gifts.

(Who?)
 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES

1. Statement/ Declarative (.)

tells something

Example- I enjoy football.

 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES

2. Question/ Interrogative (?)

asks a question

Example- Do you enjoy football?

 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES

3. Command- (. OR !)

gives an order

Example- Take me to the game.

 FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES

4. Exclamatory- (!)

shows strong feeling

or emotions

Example- The Eagles won!

LETS PRACTICE!

What kind of candy do you like

Go get the paper off the porch

Wow, you did great

I love to watch old movies

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
PLURALS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR
 To make a noun plural, we add –s
 Singular: girl
 Plural: girls

 To make a verb plural, we take away the –s.

 Singular: he talks
 Plural: they talk
WATCH THE VERB ENDINGS!

Singular Plural
 I walk  We walk
 You walk  You walk

 He/She/It walk s  They walk

 Joewalk s  Joeand Maria walk
 The girl walk s  The girls walk
REMEMBER THERE ARE IRREGULAR
VERBS:

 DO

Singular Plural
 He does They do

 HAVE
 She has They have

 BE
 He is They are
 She was They were
TIP FOR SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT

Generally, if the subject doesn’t

end in –S, the verb will.

If the subject does end in –S,

the verb won’t.
 No –S on
subject

-S on
verb
The girl dances.
 -S on
subject

The girls dance.

No –S
on verb
MULTIPLE SUBJECTS JOINED BY “AND”
 If there are two or more subjects joined by and, the
subject must be plural, so the verb will not get an “s”.

Example
 The boy and the girl dance.

(= They dance.) No –S on
verb
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
•Some indefinite pronouns are always singular. Here
are some examples: anyone, everyone, someone, no
one, nobody
•Others can be either singular or plural (all, some)
• Everybody loves grammar!
• Some people love grammar.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Relative Pronouns (who/which/that) can be either singular or

plural, depending on the word they refer to.

 The student who works hard will succeed.

 The students who work hard will succeed.

FIGURATIV
E
LANGUAGE
LITERAL VS. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Literal Language – You say

exactly what you mean. You make
no comparison, and you do not
exaggerate or understate the
situation.
Figurative Language – You
DON’T say exactly what you mean.
You DO compare, exaggerate, and
understate the situation. You use
similes, metaphors, hyperboles, and
other figures of speech to make your
writing more exciting.
 LITERAL OR FIGURATIVE???
1. Grant always turns in his homework.
2. The water was rising in the river because of
the rain.
3. Her teeth are like stars because they come out at night.
4. When she sings her voice is like velvet.
5. Half of the class did not complete the assignment.
6. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
7. Mike was so angry that steam was coming out of
his ears.
8. The zebras cried when the wise old elephant
died.
9. I’ve told you a million times to clean
up your room.
SEVEN TYPES OF FIGURATIVE
LANGUAGE
 Simile
 Hyperbole

 Alliteration

 Metaphor

 Personification

 Onomatopoeia

 Oxymoron
SIMILE
 comparing two unlike things using the words “like” or
“as”.

Her eyes were like stars.

Susan is as gentle as a
kitten.
 HYPERBOLE
 an exaggeration so dramatic, no one could believe it;
overstate to emphasize a point.

This bag weighs a ton!

I’ve told you a million

times to clean up your
room!
ALLITERATION
 the repeating of the same letter or sound, especially
consonant sounds….including tongue twisters.

Miss Warren was worried

when Wendy was waiting.

Rubber baby buggy bumpers.

Peter Piper picked a peck of

pickled peppers.
 Alliteration in Poetry
A flea and a fly in a flue
Were imprisoned, so what could they do?
Said the fly, “Let us flee!”
“Let us fly,” said the flea;
So they flew through a flaw in the flue.
 METAPHOR
 comparing two unlike things without using like or as.
Calling one thing, another. Saying one thing is something
else.

He’s a lion when he fights.

Her eyes were sparkling

emeralds.

My love is a red, red

rose.
PERSONIFICATION
 giving human characteristics to things that are not human.

The angry flood waters

slapped the house.

The sun smiled down on us.

 ONOMATOPOEIA
 the use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound
made by an object or action. Words that sound like what
they mean.

tweet,
pow zoom tweet

buzz
hiss
 OXYMORON
words or phrases in which contradictory or opposite
terms are used together

baby grand

act naturally
jumbo shrimp

adult child

climb down
PERSONIFICATION, SIMILE, METAPHOR,
OXYMORON, HYPERBOLE,
ALLITERATION,
OR ONOMATOPOEIA???
1. The street cars are like frosted cakes covered with
snowflakes.
2. The west wind dances down the road.
3. A train is a dragon that roars through the dark.
4. The band played to a small crowd at the concert.
5. She’s as tiny as a mouse.
6. Her blonde hair shined like the sun.
7. Susan suddenly stretched
slowly.
PRACTICE TEST
1. The lightweight fighter lost so much weight,
he looked as thin as a rail.
2. Polly Peters positively played Ping-Pong.
3. When the pitcher finished nine innings, he was hungry
enough to eat a horse.
4. “Crack” went the bat as the pitcher hit a home run.
5. The ice in the arena was as smooth as glass.
6. The kite drank the wind and laughed across the sky.
7. We ate cat fish for dinner.
8. The trophy glistened like gold in the sun during the
awards ceremony.
9. Happy Harry handles handsprings horribly.
10. The water was a glove that enveloped the
swimmer’s body.
DON’T FORGET TO SHAMPOO!!
 Simile
 Hyperbole

 Alliteration

 Metaphor

 Personification

 Oxymoron

 Onomatopoeia
Cliché
This is when a phrase is overused and loses impact and lacks original
thought. Using a cliche can be seen as old fashioned or even a sign of poor
writing as they are expressions that have been used too often and are no
longer relevant or interesting.

Cliché Examples:

*A women’s place is in the kitchen.

*And they all lived happily ever after.
*All that glitters is not gold.
*All is fair in love and war.
Rhyme
This is when words have a similar ending sound. It is usually seen
most often in poetry and song lyrics but is also in advertising and
public speeches. The rhyming words stand out.

Rhyme Examples:
*Try before you buy.
*7-eleven
*Birds of a feather, stick together.
*Kids and grown-ups love it so, the happy world of Haribo.
Euphemism
A euphemism is an indirect or innocuous word or phrase used instead of
something considered unpleasant, harsh or sensitive, or embarrassing. It is
often intended to amuse or downplay something that the speaker deems
offensive or upsetting somehow. They may be used to cover profanity or
sensitive subjects such as gender, disability, and death in a polite manner.

Euphemism Examples:
*Friendly fire (attack from allied forces)
*He is telling us a tall story (a lie)
*Senior citizen (old person)
*Staff restructure (making people redundant)
Epigram

An epigram is a clever, witty, or satirical phrase or line of poetry. It is

usually expressing an ingenious, paradoxical, memorable, or amusing idea.

Epigram Examples:
*I can resist everything but temptation – Oscar Wilde
*There is only one thing worse than being talked about, and that is not being
talked about.
*Winners never quit, and quitters never win.
*For most of history, Anonymous was a woman – Virginia Woolf
Irony – (Sarcasm)

A subtle form of humour involving words opposing to what is actually

meant. Irony can fall into three categories.

Verbal irony – Saying one thing and meaning something else, usually
the opposite of what is said.
Example: Saying that you couldn’t possibly eat another thing, then
reaching for some more cake.
Antithesis

This is the exact opposite of something or when two things

contrast greatly.

Antithesis Examples:
*One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind – Neil
Armstrong 1969
*Many are called, but few are chosen. Matthew 22:14
*It was the best of times. It was the worst of times. – Tale of Two
Cities by Charles Dickens.
Synecdoche

This is when a part of something is used instead of the whole.

Synecdoche Examples:
*He took us for a spin in his new wheels. (Wheels = car)
*There are hundreds of boots on the ground searching for the
fugitives. (Boots = soldiers or police)
*There was no comment from The White House. (The White
House = The President)