CIRCULATORY &

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Prepared by
Jyoti maurya
Nursing tutor
INTRODUCTION

 The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the circulatory system.

It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping organ, and a
closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood
contained in the circulatory system is pumped by the heart around a
closed circle or circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through
the various circulations of the body.
 The cardiovascular system makes its appearance early in development
and reaches a functional state long before any other major organ
system. The heart begins to beat regularly early in the fourth week
after fertilization.
There are five types of blood vessels:
 The arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart.
 The arterioles & capillaries, where the exchange of water
and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs.
 The venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the
capillaries back toward the heart
HEART ( External feature )

 The human heart is a four-chambered, conical muscular organ,

pyramid shaped, sized roughly like a person's closed fist.
 It lies in the mediastinum, or middle region of the thorax, just behind
the body of the sternum between the second through the sixth ribs.
 Approximately two-thirds of the heart's mass is to the left of the
midline of the body and one third to the right.
 Posteriorly the heart rests against the bodies of the fifth to the eighth
thoracic vertebrae
 The upper border of the heart, that is, its base, lies just below the
second rib.
Size & shape of the heart

 At birth, the heart is said to be transverse (wide) in type

and appears large in proportion to the diameter of the
chest cavity.
 Between puberty and 25 years of age the heart attains its
adult shape and weight-about 300 grams is average for the
male and 225 g for the female.
 Its approximate dimensions are length 12 cm, width 9 cm,
and depth 6 cm.
COVERING OF THE HEART ( structure of
the heart covering)
 The heart has its own covering, a fibroserous sac,
called the pericardium. The pericardium
enclosed the heart and the root of great vessels.
The sac itself is made of tough white fibrous
tissue but is lined with smooth, moist serous
membrane. The fibrous sac attaches to the
large blood vessels emerging from the top of
the heart but not to the heart itself.
 The pericardium consists of two parts:
 Fibrous pericardium: Tough, loose-fitting, and inelastic
sac around the heart
 Serous pericardium: Consisting of two layers:
 Parietal layer: Lining inside of the fibrous pericardium
 Visceral layer (epicardium): Adhering to the outside of the
heart
PERICARDIAL CAVITY

 Pericardium fits loosely around the heart, with a slight

space between the visceral layer adhering to the heart
and the parietal layer adhering to the inside of the fibrous
sac. This he space is called the pericardial space. It
contains (10-15 mL) lubricating fluid secreted by the
serous membrane and called pericardial fluid.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
 The heart has three surface:
 Sternocostal Surface:-It is formed mainly by the right atrium and the
right ventricle, which are separated from each other by the
atrioventricular (AV) groove.
 Diaphragmatic Surface:- It is formed mainly by the right and left
ventricles separated by the posterior interventricular groove. The
inferior surface of the right atrium also forms part of this surface.
 Base:-The posterior surface is formed mainly by the left atrium into
which four pulmonary veins open. The base of the heart lies opposite
the apex.
 Apex:-It is formed by the left ventricle is directed downward and
toward the left. It lies at the level of the fifth left intercostal space,
9 cm (3.5 inches) from the midline.
BORDERS OF HEART

 Then right border is formed by the right atrium and the

left border by the left auricle and left ventricle.
 The lower border is formed mainly by the right ventricle
and also by right atrium. The apex is formed by the left
ventricle.
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART

 Layers (Walls) of the Heart

 The walls of the heart are composed by thick layer of cardiac muscle, the
myocardium, covered externally by the epicardium and lined internally by the
endocardium. Three distinct layers of tissue make up the heart wall.
 Epicardium:- The outer layer of the heart wall is called
the epicardium, a name that literally means "on the
heart." The epicardium is actually the visceral layer of the
serous pericardium. It has two different names: fibrous
pericardium and serous pericardium.
 Myocardium :-The bulk of the heart wall is the thick,
contractile, middle layer of especially constructed and
arranged cardiac muscle cells called the myocardium.
 Endocardium:- The lining of the interior of the myocardial
wall is a delicate layer of endothelial tissue known as the
endocardium. Endothelium is the type of membranous
tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels. Endothelium
resembles simple squamous epithelium.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
 The interior of the heart is divided by vertical septa into four
cavities, or heart chambers. The right and left atria, and
right and left ventricles.
 The right atrium lies anterior to the left atrium and the right
ventricle lies anterior to the left ventricle.
 The two chambers of the heart, the atria are often called
the "receiving chambers" because they receive blood from
vessels called veins. Veins are the large blood vessels that
return blood from various tissues to the heart so that the
blood can be pumped out to tissues again.
 The atria alternately relax and contract to receive blood and
then push it into ventricles. Because the atria need not
generate great pressure to move blood such a small distance,
the myocardial wall of each atrium is not very thick.
 RIGHT ATRIA

 It forms the right border and parts of the sternocostal surface and base of
heart. At the junction between the right atrium and right auricle is a
vertical groove, the sulcus terminalis, which in the inside forms the crista
terminalis. The part of the atrium posterior to the ridge is smooth walled
and is derived embryologically from sinus venous. The bundle of muscle
fibers, the musculi pectinati, which runs from the crista terminalis to the
auricle.
 Opening into the right atrium:
 Superior vena cava
 Inferior vena cava
 Coronary sinus
 Right atrioventricular sinus
 Venae cordis minimae (Thebesian veins)
RIGHT VENTRICLE

 The right ventricle communicates with the right atrium

through the AV orifice and with the pulmonary trunk
through the orifice.
 It receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to the
lungs through the pulmonary trunk.
 It contributes in sternocostal surface, inferior border, and
a small part of diaphragmatic surface.
 Tricuspid valves guard the AV orifices and consist of three
cusps formed by a fold of endocardium and connective
tissue.
LEFT ATRIA

 The left atrium consists of a main cavity and a left aurice

situated behind the right atrium. It forms the greater part
of the base or the posterior surface of the heart and the
part of left border, left surface and sternocostal surface.
 The four pulmonary veins, two from each lung, open
through the posterior wall and have no valves. The left AV
orifice is guarded by the mitral valve .
LEFT VENTRICLE

 The left ventricle forms the apex, sternocostal surface, and let s terminalis,
2/3 of diaphragmatic surface. The walls of the left ventricle The part of the
three times thicker than right ventricle.
 The mitral valve guards the AV orifice, consists of cusps, one anterior and one
posterior having similar structure to that of cusps of tricuspid valve.
 The aortic valve guards aortic orifice. One cusp on the anterior wall and two
on the posterior wall. Behind each cusp, the aortic wall bulges to form an
aortic sinus. The anterior aortic sinus gives origin to right coronary artery and
left posterior sinus gives origin to the left coronary artery.
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