Origin and

Development
By: Lecturer Tulasa Neupane
Origin
• Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601- England
• authorized government provision for the poor residing in local parishes
• established a system of obligatory financing outside the church.
• Law of Settlement and Removal, 1662
• local government to restrict aid only to persons and families known to be
“residents.”
• The principles of English Poor Laws were carried by the settlers of the
American colonies in the early years.
• Revolutionary War, large scale immigration, rapid industrialization and
increased the incidence of poverty and raised the costs of relief.
• To cut the costs of poor relief, new laws were enacted
Development
• USA
• Europe
• UK
• Asia
• Latin America
• Canada
• Nepal
United States
• During 1800s, US population expanded westward
• Orphan Train
• Advocacy for Social Welfare
• Based on the need created by the upheaval of the Civil War (1861-1865),
major social welfare initiatives, such as the U.S. Sanitary Commission and the
American Red Cross, emerged
• Charity boards were created
• The first federal social welfare program, referred to as the Freedmen’s
Bureau, began in 1865-1872
• In1877, the first American Charity Organization Society attempted to respond
to the social consequences of industrialization, with “scientific charity.”
• The first U.S. settlement, the Neighborhood Guild, began in New York City in
1886.
United States
• 1890-1900: Nation wide urbanization. Enormous influx of immigrants
and economy started shifting from agriculture to industry.
• Charity Organization Society: Imported from England to US in 1877.
• Focused on Individual Factor relating to poverty
• Families to fill application- Friendly visitor appointed
• Settlement Movement: 1889
• Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House in poor neighborhood
area of Chicago for immigrants.
• Offered day care for children, club for working women, lectures, cultural
programs and meeting place for neighborhood.
• In the late 19th century, full programs dedicated social work
education began to take shape.
United States
• World War I: 1914-1918
• The 1917 Russian Revolution caused heightened fear of communism.
• Radicals were under attack in US and Social workers refrained from
reform to avoid persecution.
• This Change was noticed in 1928 Milford Conference
• Rise in Expansion of practice setting for profession- include private
welfare agencies, hospitals, schools, mental health facilities, children aid
societies, etc.
• The Red Cross and the Army requested social workers to apply casework
skills to treat soldiers for “shell shock” in World War I. This marked the
first time social workers were called upon to treat social issues that
weren’t limited to poverty.
United States
• The Great depression: The Great Depression was precipitated by the stock
market crash of 1929. The social workers did not foresee the change.
• The New Deal (1933-1939) led to dozens of social welfare acts including
the Social Security Act of 1935.
• The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial
reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the
United States between 1933 and 1935.
• The First New Deal (1933–1934) dealt with the pressing banking crisis
through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act.
• The Second New Deal (1935-1938) focused on increasing worker
protections and building long-lasting financial security for Americans.
• The New Deal program by US became a prime example of a Welfare State.
United States
• The Rank and File Movement
• In 1930s Social Workers organized Rank and File Movement and began
critical analysis of New Deal.
• Social Workers were hired to administer the programs and serve people
under New Deal. However, they also suffered- Low Wages
• Progressive Social Workers- formed labor Union
• After WWII Rank and File Movement Disbanded
• The New Deal has a long lasting effect on country’s social welfare
system.
• Social Security Act of 1935 widely expanded the welfare activities and
advanced services and programs for poor person.
United States: Legal
• The Federal Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance
(OASDI) program pays out monthly benefits to retired people, to
families whose wage earner has died, and to workers unemployed
due to sickness or accident.
• The Federal Unemployment Tax Act , 1939 (FUTA) imposes a payroll
tax on any business with employees. The revenue it generates is
allocated to state unemployment insurance agencies and used to fund
unemployment benefits for people who are out of work.
• Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a Federal income supplement
program funded by general tax revenues (not Social Security taxes)
• It is designed to help aged, blind, and disabled people, who have little or
no income; and
United States: Legal
• Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
(Welfare Reform Act) 1996 which created the Temporary Assistance
for Needy Families (TANF)
• Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996 further narrowed
the number of people allowed to receive SSI disability benefits by
requiring that drug addiction or alcoholism not be a material factor in
their disability
Europe
• 19th Century Conservative German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck,
with support of employers, introduces first modern welfare state in
late 1880s.
• Early 20th Century: British government introduces unemployment
insurance; Denmark leads in old-age insurance, France in
unemployment benefits.
• 1930s: Great Depression spurs President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New
Deal; family-benefits programs spread in Western Europe.
• 1931: Sweden introduces paid maternal leave.
• 1935: United States enacts Social Security, unemployment insurance.
• 1939: By this year, family allowances have been adopted in Belgium,
France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands.
Europe
• 1940s: World War II ravages economies of Western Europe; welfare
state expands with postwar prosperity in Europe.
• 1942 : Beveridge report to British government recommends health
insurance (already in Spain and the Netherlands) and social security.
• 1948 : Britain adopts national system of free medical care for all.
• 1960s–1970s: Major expansion of welfare programs in Europe; U.S.
President Lyndon B. Johnson initiates greatest expansion of welfare
state since 1930s; poverty declines in Europe as old-age insurance
leaves fewer impoverished.
• 1966 : Netherlands adopts paid maternal leave.
• 1971: Belgium and Italy adopt paid maternal leave.
Europe
• 1980s–1990s: Denmark and Sweden achieve universal preschool; U.S.
President Ronald Reagan proposes welfare cuts; President Bill Clinton
pledges to “end welfare as we know it”; single mothers' employment
grows following welfare reform.
• 2000s: Britain's child-poverty rates fall, but America's stall, then rise;
some experts blame welfare work requirements; euro currency crisis
focuses on governments' debt.
UK
• During the Middle Ages, support for the poor was provided in much
of Europe through Christian charity. The main formal organisations
were the Church and the monasteries
• In 1951, Ypres offered relief for poor people, backed up by a process
of inspection and control; they provided education, employment and
free medical care
• Elizabethan Acts in 1563 and 1572 made provision for the punishment
of sturdy beggars and the relief of the impotent poor. The 1574 Act in
Scotland followed England's lead
UK
• CHILD LABOUR AND FACTORY LEGISLATION:
• In 1800 some 20,000 children (orphans/ deserted) were employed in
cotton mills as cheap labourers. In the next decade as many as a fifth of
workers in the cotton industry were children under the age of 13.
• In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for
children working in factories.
• The basic act was as follows:
• no child workers under nine years of age
• children of 9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day
• children of 13-18 years to work no more than 12 hours a day
• children are not to work at night
• two hours schooling each day for children
• four Factory inspectors to be placed to make sure the laws are in action
UK
• THE POOR LAW AMENDMENT 7ACT 1834:( NEW POOR LAW)
• Outdoor relief - the financial support formerly given to the able-bodied -
was no longer to be available to them so as to compel them to work.
Outdoor relief was widely available to the sick and elderly
• Old people in many areas did continue to receive relief outside the
workhouse
• Establishment of Workhouses: work was provided in exchange for basic
amenities.
UK
• 1848 Public Health Act: law which allowed authorities to do
something, rather than compelling them- which made it possible to
build sewers, the removal of all refuse from houses, streets and roads,
the provision of clean drinking water, the appointment of a medical
officer for each town.
• 1870 Education Act: provided free compulsory elementary education
for all, up to the age of 12 at first, later to 14.
• Compulsory education was also extended to blind and deaf children
under the Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of
1893, which established special schools.
• Similar provision was made for physically-impaired children in the
Elementary Education (Defective and Epileptic Children) Act of 1899.
UK
• 1905 Unemployed Workmen Act: This made grants available to
businesses or local authorities to hire more workers.
• 1906 Education Act: free school meals.
• 1907 School Medical Service.
• 1908 Old Age Pensions: these were non-contributory, but denied to
paupers.
• 1909 Labour exchanges: this introduced labour exchanges (now called
job centres).
• 1911 National Insurance Act: this covered medical care and
unemployment.
• 1925 Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act
UK: Post-Poor Law
• 1946 National Insurance Act
• 1946 National Health Service Act.
• 1948 National Assistance Act. This contained the abolition of the Poor
Law, and set out a new legislative framework for provision for people
in need, including residential care.
• 1948 Children Act, which established local authority departments to
receive children into care.
Asia
• India
• China
India
• Pre-Vedic Period
• Welfare administration reflected through advanced and well planned
public spaces and drainage system.
• high level of respect and dignity were endorsed to women
• Vedic
• Charity in Vedic era was considered as morality
• In early Vedic era, women were enjoying equal positions but in the later
Vedic era with the growth of large territorial state women’s status
received the inferior status.
India
• Mauryan Empire
• separate Department of administration and municipal boards
• The welfare initiatives by Asoka propounded the virtue of care and upliftment of his
people by providing public business and facilities
• Kalinga- hosted various public gatherings and initiated number of work of public
utility like irrigation, construction of buildings, gardens, canals and recreational
places.
• The safety and security of the subjects were the role and responsibility of the king.
• Arthashastra by Kautilya accounted state’s role which played an effective part over a
man’s social, economic, cultural, moral and even spiritual life.
• The state acted as legal guardian in protecting the rights of minor and needy in
family.
• duty of the state to help and support during natural calamities.
• Establishments of labour courts were there to settle down the disputes on wages
India
• Mughals
• Madarasas
• sarais (inn) and dak chowkies (police beats)
• Akbar is looked as social reformer who prohibited child marriage
• laws against slavery, constructed hospitals and centres of charity,
reviewed the whole system of education
India
• Colonial Rule
• Colonial State developed their famine relief policy that the greatest amount of
needful help should be given to the needy- based on Poor Laws England.
• Modified in 1861 - the state decided to provide grants to private agencies for
meeting the costs of feeding the destitute during famines.
• Famine Commission in 1880. Famine Code was developed in 1883
• The Charter Act of 1813- the company administration had to accept responsibility
for the education of India.
• By 1833, the educational grant which was one lakh rupees under the Charter Act of
1813 had increased to ten lakhs of rupees per annum.
• In 1835 the Governor General William Bentinck had decided to impart western
education in India
• Special measures were adopted to promote education among Muslims, Harijans and
other backward classes and among tribal population.
•
India
• Colonial Rule
• the abolition of female infanticide and human sacrifice in 1802
• Abolition of Sati by William Bentinck in 1829
• abolition of slavery in 1843
• Widow Remarriage Act in 1856
• Employment of orphans and destitute by the Apprentices Act of 1850
• Plague Commission after the outbreak of plague in 1896.
• recommended the strengthening of the public health services and
establishment of laboratories for research and for the preparation of vaccines
and sera
• In India the Bhore committee (1945) was appointed to conduct a health
survey and development in the entire medical field. This committee
recommended the introduction of hospital social worker, and the first trained
India: Post Independence
• Labour Welfare
• Factories Act, 1948: include health, safety, welfare, employment of young
persons and children, hours of work for adult and child worker, holidays, leave
with wages, appointment of a Welfare Officer.
• Directive Principles
• the Employees Provident Fund Act, 1952
• Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) focused on better working conditions
• Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
• Employees State Insurance Scheme
• Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970
• Equal remuneration Act, 1976
• National Employment Exchanges to register the job seekers- registration of
special groups of job seekers like physically handicapped along with demand for
India: Post Independence
• Tribal Welfare
• Article 46 that the State should promote with special care the educational
and economic interest of the tribal people and should protect them from
social injustice and all forms of exploitation through special legislation
• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,
1989
• The Fifth and Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals on the
administration in both on Scheduled and Non-Scheduled States for their
welfare and development.
India: Post Independence
• Rural Development
• Refugee Rehabilitation Project:1948 - vocational training cum production
centres
• Mazdoor Manzil
• Draught Prone Area Programme (1976)
• Minimum, Need Programme (1975)
India: Post Independence
• Women and Child Welfare
• Immoral Traffic in Women and Girl Act. 1956
• The Indecent Representation of Women (Prevention) Act, 1986
• The Dowry Prohibition Act. 1961
• The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987
• National Commission for Women.
• Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000
• Probation of Juvenile offender
• Central Adoption Resource Agency and Child Help
• The Child Marriage – Restraint Act, 1929
China
• After 1949- ideologically based social assistance system with three basic
characteristics
• Initially Social assistance was not a fully vested.
• Urban and rural designations divided assistance unequally
• Poor People Classification system was utilized
• Before 1980s, the social safety net had not yet been established
completely
• mainly furnished to the impoverished people, including Sanwu, Wubao,
the disabled, orphans, vagrants, unemployed people
• Social Assistance Reform After 1992- after 1978 China transited to
market economy, and a large number of workers were laid-off and
became unemployed. So, China had to reform the traditional social
China: Post 1900s
• Dibao- whether or not the poor have the ability to work, no matter
what their value is, whatever the cause leads to poverty, all of them
can get supports from government
• It is a means-test program
• It is a national social assistance program
• All peoples have the right to assistance
• Dibao integrates a fragmented system within a planned economy and
establishes a security net to meet basic needs of all people.
• It eliminates ideological impact on social assistance, mitigates the
conflicts in society, reduces the tensions among family members
caused by poverty, and promotes social justice.
China: Post 1900s
• In-kind Programs-
• Educational assistance
• 2014, Interim Measure for Social Assistance
• educational assistance became a national policy
• Medicaid
• In 2002, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council released Decision
on Further Enhancing Health Services in Rural Areas
• In 2003, Opinions on Implementation of Rural Medical Assistance
• Housing Assistance
• In 2014, the Interim Measure for Social Assistance
• Temporary Assistance
• In 2014, Notice of the State Council on the Establishment of Temporary
Assistance
China: Post 1900s
• In-kind Programs-
• Educational assistance
• 2014, Interim Measure for Social Assistance
• educational assistance became a national policy
• Medicaid
• In 2002, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council released Decision
on Further Enhancing Health Services in Rural Areas
• In 2003, Opinions on Implementation of Rural Medical Assistance
• Housing Assistance
• In 2014, the Interim Measure for Social Assistance
• Temporary Assistance
• In 2014, Notice of the State Council on the Establishment of Temporary
Assistance
China: Post 1900s
• Category Assistance_
• Minimum Pension for Elderly
• Needy Children Assistance
• Opinions on Strengthening Care and Protection of Children in Difficulty,2016
• Vagrants and Beggars Assistance
• Measures for the Administration of Relief for Vagrants and Beggars without
Assured Living The Regulations to Aid the Vagrants and Beggars Living in City
2003.
• the Opinions on Strengthening Rescue and Protection of Homeless Minor, 2006
• Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening and
Improving the Rescue and Protection of Wandering Minors, 2011
• Disabilities Assistance.
• . In 2015,Opinions of the State Council on Establishing a Attendant System of
Living Subsidies for Disabled Persons with Financial Difficulties and Nursing
Canada:
• Early Period: 1840-1890
• State's response to poverty and disease was largely regulatory in nature
• After Confederation, the provision of social welfare continued to be
irregular
• Dependence in part on the philanthropic role of the upper class
• Toronto Children’s Aid Society in 1891
• Compulsory education and public health regulations were developed
primarily in response to the spread of disease and fears of social unrest.
• Charity Aid Act of 1874
Canada:
• First World War
• Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907
• Workmen's Compensation Act, was passed in Ontario in 1914
• Dominion scheme of pensions and rehabilitation
• Mothers' allowances legislation in 1916.
• federal scheme to encourage the construction of housing, 1919 to 1924
• Old-age pension, 1927
• Great Depression
• Dominion Housing Act, 1935
• Unemployment Insurance Act 1940
Canada:
• The Interventionist Phase: 1941–1974
• Ottawa created a wide range of measures including the construction of housing,
controls on rents, prices, wages and materials, the regulation of industrial relations,
veterans pensions,etc
• Creation of family allowances in 1944
• universal old-age pensions for those over 70
• Unemployment Assistance Act, 1956
• Canada’s first federal human rights legislation in 1960
• Canada’s first medical care insurance program in 1961
• Canada (and Québec) Pension Plan, (1965)
• Canada Assistance Plan, (1966)
• consolidated the federal Unemployment Assistance Act, and assistance programs for
persons who were physically disabled, together with provincial programs for single parents
and people who were unemployed.
• It also made federal cost-sharing available for a range of social services including day care
Canada:
• Fourth Phase: Austerity and Constitutional Conflict 1975–2015
• In 1970s, social spending began to increase as a result of the expansion of
the range and number of social programs
• Provincial social services, particularly child welfare and child care,
improved in quantity and quality as a result of Canada Assistance Plan
funding
• Established Programs Financing and Fiscal Arrangements Act, 1977
• Canada Health Act in 1984
• Between 1984 and 1993, the federal government introduced a range of
measures to reduce expenditures on social programs
• The 1995 budget announced the termination of the Canada Assistance
Plan in 1996
Canada:
• Fourth Phase: Austerity and Constitutional Conflict 1975–2015
• In 1996 the Canada Health and Social Transfer (CHST) replaced the
Canada Assistance Plan. Between 1994 and 1998 the government cut
$6.3 billion in health and social program transfers under the CHST.
• The termination of the Canada Assistance Plan opened the door for
numerous changes to provincial social assistance programs.
• Employment Insurance (EI): the revised program required 30 per cent
more hours worked to qualify
• 1997 creation of a National Child Benefit system based on combining the
Child Tax Benefit and the Working Income Supplement into one program.
Latin America
• Social protection systems developed as early as the 1920s in the
region, the Latin American welfare state has historically failed to
address the region’s high levels of poverty and inequality.
• Southern Cone countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay—were
the first to introduce insurance schemes in the early 1920s for urban
elites such as civil servants, public enterprise employees, the military,
and private sector workers. These occupational plans offered
disability pensions, survivorships, old-age pensions and in some cases
health insurance
Latin America
• Three welfare regimes in the region
• The state-productivist regime is geared towards the expansion of human
capital and market inclusion of the labor force as in Chile and Argentina
• the state-protectionist model protects from market risks and includes
countries that are both more homogeneous such as Costa Rica, Uruguay,
and more heterogeneous, namely Brazil and Mexico.
• Family dependent welfare can be found in Guatemala and Nicaragua,
where people largely count on relatives to provide protection
• Transitions to democracy in Latin America after the 1980s and liberal
trends during the 1990s have created pressures to reform the
corporative social insurance model that is perceived to be inefficient
and to reproduce social injustice
Latin America
• After extending social rights to all citizens, a principle that is enshrined in
the social security concept of Brazil’s 1988 Federal Constitution, this
context has changed radically. Since the 1990s, all universal systems in
the region ‒ Cuba, Brazil and Costa Rica ‒ suffered from shortages of
resources, a deterioration of public services and providers, and a growing
presence of the private sector in social policies
• After the wave of pension privatizations in the 1990s, - partial reforms
that aimed to correct earlier failures in design and performance.
• From 2008, Chile, Argentina and Bolivia, each in their own way,
enhanced the role of the state in regulating pension systems in order to
extend coverage to the poor and low-income people.
• In Brazil, non-contributive pensions legally guarantee a minimum wage
to the poor, elderly and people with disabilities
Thank you!!!