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CE 595 Section 3
CE 595 Section 3
I k a N k x R E x, a dV 0 , k 1, 2, , n.
V
L L
J = u x L * FA 1
2 E du
dx dx
2
u 2
x dx.
0 0
“Direct approach”:
More geometric method
Works best for higher-order elements
N x
Linear in x and y N1 x, y b1 b 2 x b 3 y.
Kronecker delta N1 x1 , y1 1; N1 x2 , y2 0; N1 x3 , y3 0.
Therefore, get a set of equations to solve:
1 b1 b 2 x1 b 3 y1;
0 b1 b 2 x2 b 3 y2 ;
0 b1 b 2 x3 b 3 y3.
N1 x, y x2 y3 x3 y2 x y2 y3 y x3 x2 2 A .
Similar procedure to construct other shape functions.
ε u ε u .
Using shape functions:
u N x d ε N x d .
shape functions d.o.f. B x
d h * B x C B x dA d .
T
triangle
Element stiffness matrix, [k].
Implementation of FEA: the CST -36-
3.2: Element Formulation (cont.)
Notes on Element (Local) Stiffness Matrix –
The element stiffness matrix for any elastic element will
follow the exact same process. (Details will change.)
Element stiffness matrix is symmetric.
T
dA.
T
k h * B x C B x dA h * B x C B x
T T T
triangle triangle
k h *
T
triangle
T
B x C B x dA h *
T
triangle
B x C B x dA k .
T
b δu dV t δu dA
Ve Ae ,
Ve Ae ,
δd N x b dV N x t dA.
T T
Ve Ae ,
Element force vector (f)
Implementation of FEA: the CST -39-
3.2: Element Formulation (cont.)
Notes on Element (Local) Force Vector –
In general, b and t can depend upon position, so they
are left inside of the integrals.
A “physical” interpretation of f:
Let N i x ith column of N x .
(i.e., shape function associated with d.o.f. #i.)
fi N i x b dV N x t dA
T T
i
Ve Ae ,
K D F " "k e d f e .
e1
Global Local
Implementation of FEA: the CST -47-
3.3: Assembly (cont.)
Concept of Assembly:
Assembly is not straight addition –
k These can now be assembled!
D1 0;
D2 0;
D6 0.
D1 0;
D2 0;
D6 .
u A u B 0.
1 1
Dc Ccc Do Ccc Ccr Dr .
Implementation of FEA: the CST -61-
3.4: Boundary Conditions (cont.)
This defines a transformation into “new” coordinates:
“old” coordinates
Dc C
1 C C 1 D
cc cr
D cc o
D T
T
Dr D o .
Dr
r
I
0
TT D o “new” coordinates
T
K C κ C D F C κ Do .
T
6 elements;
16 total d.o.f.;
4 constraints.
#1 #1
y 0 x y 0 x 0
1 1 1 1 1
y
1
2 6 2 6 2 2
y x
1
6 0 1
6 0 0 0
0 1
0 0 0 . 1
2
2
1
2 1
6 0 1
6 0
1
2
B x 0
2 6 2 6 2 2
#2
y 0 x y 0 1 x 0 1 1
y
1 1 1 1
2 6 2 6 2 2
y x
1
6 0 1
6 0 0 0
0 0
1
0 0 B x .
1
2 2
#1
1
2 0
1
6 1
6 1
2 0
1
2 1
6 0 0
1
6
1
2
1 0 28800 7200 0
E
C 1 0 7200 28800 0 ksi.
1 2
0 0 1
2 1 0 0 10800
triangle
#1 C B * hA
#1 triangle
k .
#1
0 0
1.2 y 1.2 0.6
y 1
0 0
f #6 N x t dA h *
T
dy kips
Ae , y 1
0 0
0 0
1.2 y 1.2 0.6
Element #2: 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 5250 2250 1200 1350 4050 900 5
2 2250 11250 900 450 1350 10800 6
3 1200 900 1200 0 0 900 1
4 1350 450 0 450 1350 0 2
5 4050 1350 0 1350 4050 0 7
6 900 10800 900 0 0 10800 8
5 6 1 2 7 8
Stiffness matrix
9
for
10
#5 11+ #612 only:
13 14 15 16
9 5250 0 4050 1350 1200 900 0 2250
10 0 11250 900 10800 1350 450 2250 0
11 4050 900 5250 2250 0 0 1200 1350
12 1350 10800 2250 11250 0 0 900 450
kips/in.
13 1200 1350 0 0 5250 2250 4050 900
14 900 450 0 0 2250 11250 1350 10800
15 0 2250 1200 900 4050 1350 5250 0
16 2250 0 1350 450 900 10800 0 11250
Implementation of FEA: the CST -85-
3.5: Example (cont.)
Stiffness matrix for entire structure:
5250 0 4050 1350 1200 900 0 2250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 11250 900 10800 1350 450 2250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4050 900 5250 2250 0 0 1200 1350 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1350 10800 2250 11250 0 0 900 450 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1200 1350 0 0 10500 2250 8100 2250 1200 900 0 2250 0 0 0 0
900 450 0 0 2250 22500 2250 21600 1350 450 2250 0 0 0 0 0
0 2250 1200 900 8100 2250 10500 2250 0 0 1200 1350 0 0 0 0
2250 0 1350 450 2250 21600 2250 22500 0 0 900 450 0 0 0 0
K kips/in.
0 0 0 0 1200 1350 0 0 10500 2250 8100 2250 1200 900 0 2250
0 0 0 0 900 450 0 0 2250 22500 2250 21600 1350 450 2250 0
0 0 0 0 0 2250 1200 900 8100 2250 10500 2250 0 0 1200 1350
0 0 0 0 2250 0 1350 450 2250 21600 2250 22500 0 0 900 450
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1200 1350 0 0 5250 2250 4050 900
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 900 450 0 0 2250 11250 1350 10800
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2250 1200 900 4050 1350 5250 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2250 0 1350 450 900 10800 0 11250
Mz y
x
Iz