ENTROPY AND

GIBBS FREE
ENERGY
6.53

TR.REHAB ISMAIL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7.1 Entropy Change, ΔS

a) Define the term entropy, S, as the number of possible arrangements of the particles and
their energy in a given system
b) Predict and explain the sign of the entropy changes that occur:
i. during a change in state, e.g. melting, boiling and dissolving (and their reverse)
ii. during a temperature change
iii. during a reaction in which there is a change in the number of gaseous
molecules
c) Calculate the entropy change for a reaction, ΔS, given the standard entropies,
S⦵ , of the reactants and products, ΔS⦵ = ΣS⦵ (products) – ΣS ⦵ (reactants)
(use of ΔS⦵ = ΔSsurr⦵ + ΔSsys⦵ is not required)

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7.2 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG

a) State and use the Gibbs equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH⦵ – TΔS⦵

b) Perform calculations using the equation ΔG⦵ = ΔH ⦵ – TΔS ⦵
c) State whether a reaction or process will be feasible by using the sign of ΔG
d) Predict the effect of temperature change on the feasibility of a reaction, given
standard enthalpy and entropy change

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 3
 Defining Entropy
• The entropy (S) of a given system is the number of possible arrangements of the particles and their energy in a
given system
o In other words, it is a measure of how disordered a system is
• When a system becomes more disordered, its entropy will increase
• An increase in entropy means that the system becomes energetically more stable
• For example, during the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) the entropy of the system increases:

• In this decomposition reaction, a gas molecule (CO2) is formed

• The CO2 gas molecule is more disordered than the solid reactant (CaCO3), as it is constantly moving around
• As a result, the system has become more disordered and there is an increase in entropy

• Another typical example of a system that becomes more disordered is when a solid is melted
For example, melting ice to form liquid water:

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 4
• Another typical example of a system that becomes more disordered is when a solid is melted
For example, melting ice to form liquid water:

• The water molecules in ice are in fixed positions and can only vibrate about those positions
• In the liquid state, the particles are still quite close together but are arranged more randomly, in that they can move
around each other
• Water molecules in the liquid state are therefore more disordered
• Thus, for a given substance, the entropy increases when its solid form melts into a liquid
• In both examples, the system with the higher entropy will be energetically the most stable (as the
energy of the system is more spread out when it is in a disordered state)

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 Entropy Changes

• All elements have positive standard molar entropy values

• The order of entropy for the different states of matter are as follows:

gas > liquid > solid

o There are some exceptions such as calcium carbonate (solid) which has a higher entropy than mercury (liquid)
• Simpler substances with fewer atoms have lower entropy values than complex substances with more atoms
o For example, calcium oxide (CaO) has a smaller entropy than calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
• Harder substances have lower entropy than softer substances of the same type
o For example, diamond has a smaller entropy than graphite

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 6
Change in state

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 8
• The entropy also increases when a solid is dissolved in a solvent
• The solid particles are more ordered in the solid lattice as they can only slightly vibrate
• When dissolved to form a dilute solution, the entropy increases as:
 The particles are more spread out
 There is an increase in the number of ways of arranging the energy
• The crystallization of a salt from a solution is associated with a decrease in entropy
• The particles are spread out in solution but become more ordered in the solid

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Entropy changes in reactions

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Calculating Entropy Changes

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 Calculating ∆S˚system quantitatively

Q. Calculate ∆S˚ for the following reaction at 25˚C:

2Fe2O3 (s) + 3C (s) == 4Fe (s) + 3CO2 (g)

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Just study the steps [ most of questions the ∆H will be given without calculating it]
Remember that the temperature has to be in K ( Celsius degree + 273)
Remember to convert ∆S ( system) to Kj by dividing it /1000

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Calculating the temperature a reaction will become feasible

Ans

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The Gibbs Equation

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The Gibbs Equation: Calculations

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Answer

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The Gibbs Equation: Reaction Feasibility

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Feasibility & Temperature Changes

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 THANK YOU
TR. REHAB ISMAIL

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 40