Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic Aerodynamics
Basic Aerodynamics
Introduction
The Atmosphere
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Bernoulli’s Principle
Airfoil
Parts of an Airplane
The Four Forces of Flight
Three Axes of Movement
Stability
Control
INTRODUCTION
It is unnecessary that a mechanic be totally versed on
Aerodynamics and Theory of Flight. However he must
understand the relationships between the atmosphere, the
aircraft and the forces acting on it in flight, in order to make
intelligent decisions affecting the flight safety of both airplanes
and helicopters.
Aerodynamics
line.
Chord line
Cockpit Empennage
Fuselage Stabilizers
Wing Rudder
Flap Elevator
Aileron Engine
Parts of An Airplane
The Four Forces of Flight
The forces acting on an airplane in flight are lift, weight, thrust,
and drag. These forces are in equilibrium during straight-and-
level, unaccelerated flight.
LIFT
THRUST DRAG
WEIGHT
Lift
Lift is the force created by the interaction between the wings
and the airflow. It always act upwards. It is considered to be
the 'most important force' as without it, an aircraft cannot
ascend from ground and maintain altitude.
Low velocity
High pressure
Angle of Incidence
• The angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line
and the longitudinal axis of aircraft.
• It is the angle of wing setting.
• When the leading edge of the wing is higher than the
trailing edge, the angle of incidence is said to be positive.
It is negative when the leading edge is lower than the
trailing edge of the wing.
Angle of incidence
Chor
d line
Aircraft longitudina
l axis
Horizontal Component of Lift
Lift and Induced Drag
• Lift acts through the center of pressure, and
perpendicular to the relative wind.
• This creates induced drag.
induced drag
effective total
lift lift
c ho r d
line
a v e r a ge
relative w
ind
Shape of the Airfoil
Spoiler
Spoiler
Flap
Flap
wing flaps spoilers leading edge slats
Ailerons – The ailerons form a part of the wing and are located in
the trailing edge of the wing towards the tips. The control stick is
connected by means of wires or hydraulics to the wings’ ailerons. By
turning the stick, the pilot can change the positions of the ailerons.
Control around the Vertical Axis
YAWING
Rudder – The rudder is a
moveable control surface
attached to the trailing edge of the
vertical stabilizer. The foot pedals
are connected by means of wires
or hydraulics to the rudder of the
tail section. The rudder can also
be used in controlling a bank or
turn in flight. Moving rudder to the Moving rudder to the
right forces tail to the left forces tail to the
left, nose to the right right, nose to the left.
Control around the Lateral Axis
PITCHING