Turbine Engines Turbine Engines

By ]un Shu, Nalvika Culati and Nike

Craber
Turbine Engines Turbine Engines
!ntroduction and history !ntroduction and history
How it works How it works
Current and Future Uses Current and Future Uses
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
How did it start? How did it start?
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
1S0BC 1S0BC
-- A toy was invented by Egyptian named A toy was invented by Egyptian named
Hero. Hero.
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
!n 1232 the Chinese used rockets to !n 1232 the Chinese used rockets to
frighten enemy soldiers. frighten enemy soldiers.
Around 1S00 A.D. Leonardo da vinci Around 1S00 A.D. Leonardo da vinci
drew a sketch of a device that rotated drew a sketch of a device that rotated
due to the effect of hot gasses. due to the effect of hot gasses.
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
!n 1623 another !talian name Ciovanni !n 1623 another !talian name Ciovanni
Branca actually developed a device Branca actually developed a device
which used to operate machinery. which used to operate machinery.
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
The first patent for turbine engine. The first patent for turbine engine.
!n 1872 a man by the name of Stolze !n 1872 a man by the name of Stolze
designed the first true gas turbine. designed the first true gas turbine.
Charles Curtis Charles Curtis the inventor of the the inventor of the
Curties steam engine Curties steam engine
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
The Ceneral Electric company started The Ceneral Electric company started
their gas turbine division in 1303. their gas turbine division in 1303.
-- An engineer named Stanford Noss lead An engineer named Stanford Noss lead
most of the projects. most of the projects.
-- Sir Frank Whittle of Creat Britain patented Sir Frank Whittle of Creat Britain patented
a design for a jet aircraft engine in1330. a design for a jet aircraft engine in1330.
The history of Cas The history of Casturbine turbine
engine engine
Hans von Ohain and Nax Hahn, Hans von Ohain and Nax Hahn,
developed and patented their own developed and patented their own
engine design in 1336. engine design in 1336.
!n 1341 Frank Whittle began fight tests !n 1341 Frank Whittle began fight tests
of a turbojet engine of his own design of a turbojet engine of his own design
in England. in England.
EFF!C!ENCY OF THE !NTERNAL EFF!C!ENCY OF THE !NTERNAL
CONBUST!ON ENC!NE CONBUST!ON ENC!NE
EFF!C!ENCY OF THE !NTERNAL
CONBUST!ON ENC!NE
Efficiency is the highest for a small range of values of torque
and rotational speedthose in the darker green "sweet spot." At
this level of efficiency, if the engine were propelling a vehicle, it
might burn eight liters of gasoline per 100 kilometers. A series
type hybrid can be designed so that its engine operates only in
this highestefficiency mode, a parallel hybrid can be designed
so that its engine stays within the efficiency represented by the
dark and light green regions.
The !nternal Workings of a The !nternal Workings of a
Turbine Engine Turbine Engine
Link to a 3 Link to a 3D model representing the internal D model representing the internal
working of a gas turbine engine working of a gas turbine engine
http://www.pwc.ca/en_markets/demonstratio http://www.pwc.ca/en_markets/demonstratio
n.html n.html
Advantages Advantages
- Cas turbine engines weigh less, last longer, and break
down less often.
- They can attain thermal efficiencies in the mid40s, piston
engine efficiencies are in the high20s and unlikely to go
much higher.
- They excels from an emissions standpoint: gas turbines with
no exhaust treatment whatsoever have lower emissions than
spark ignition and compression ignition engines with the
best treatment available.
- Lastly unlike the spark ignition engine, which has stringent
requirements for fuel, the gas turbine can burn a variety of
fuels, including not only gasoline but also diesel, home
heating oil, and almost any other liquid or gaseous fuel.
Becoming a Contender
The compressor and turbine would actually consist
of multiple stages. The pressure ratio would be low.
Compressor blades could be made from injection
molded, fiberreinforced composite, while the
compressor, turbine rotor, combustor, and turbine
housings would be made of ceramic.
A ceramic regenerator would recover heat from the
compressed gas, reducing the amount of fuel that
must be burned. Such an engine would be
outstandingly responsive, capable of the quick
acceleration that drivers have come to expect.
Turbine Problems Turbine Problems
Huge investments have been made in the sparkignition engine.
!t is manufactured at astonishingly low cost and, in general,
performs superbly. Also the real cost of gasoline, adjusted for
inflation, is at or close to an alltime low.
Thus even an 80milepergallon gas turbine car would offer
only a moderate economic advantage over conventional
vehicles, many of which now deliver 30 to 40 mpg.
!n the near future, gas turbine engines make sense for some
niche markets, such as large trucks and buses. Such large
vehicles now must use diesel engines, compared with diesels,
gas turbines offer greatly reduced emissions, lower noise,
lighter weight, and lower maintenance requirements. But until
demand is large enough to justify mass production, unit costs
will be high.
Najor Uses Najor Uses
Hybrid automobiles Hybrid automobiles
Nilitary Nilitary
Power plants Power plants
Other uses Other uses
ey Nanufactures in the US ey Nanufactures in the US
Allison Advanced Development Co Allison Advanced Development Co
Ceneral Electric Ceneral Electric
Pratt S Whitney Pratt S Whitney
Allied Signal Allied Signal
Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical
Williams !nternational Williams !nternational
!HPTET !HPTET
!ntegrated High Performance Turbine !ntegrated High Performance Turbine
Engine Technology program Engine Technology program
Formed in 1388 Formed in 1388
Coal: Double the propulsion capability Coal: Double the propulsion capability
of turbine engines by the turn of the of turbine engines by the turn of the
century century
Other big competitors from outside US Other big competitors from outside US
include volvo and Rolls Royce include volvo and Rolls Royce
ey Nilitary Uses ey Nilitary Uses
Turbofans and turbojets Turbofans and turbojets
-- fighters, bombers, and large transport fighters, bombers, and large transport
Turbo shafts and turboprops Turbo shafts and turboprops
-- helicopters, small transports, and some helicopters, small transports, and some
trainers trainers
Expendables Expendables
-- missiles and unmanned aircraft such as missiles and unmanned aircraft such as
drones drones
N1A2 Tank N1A2 Tank
Power Plants Power Plants
Nicro Turbine Cenerators Nicro Turbine Cenerators
-- small power generator that can be located small power generator that can be located
close the area the power is used close the area the power is used
-- Advantages: greater reliability and lower Advantages: greater reliability and lower
costs by using fewer moving parts and costs by using fewer moving parts and
lower manufacturing costs lower manufacturing costs
-- Possible future use: scattered throughout Possible future use: scattered throughout
the utility's traditional distribution network the utility's traditional distribution network
working in parallel with central power working in parallel with central power
plants. plants.
Power Plants Power Plants
CE: NS7001FB CE: NS7001FB
Runs off of mainly natural gas Runs off of mainly natural gas
Produces 280 NWe Produces 280 NWe
Future sizes are up to S000NWe Future sizes are up to S000NWe
Higher efficiency and increased output by Higher efficiency and increased output by
raising compressor pressure ratio and upping raising compressor pressure ratio and upping
the firing temp. the firing temp.
7191F 7221FA 7231FA 7241FA 7251FB 7H
Year introduced 1991 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003
Firing temperature 1260 1287 1315 1327 1402 1430
(degree C)
Compressor pressure 13.5 15 15 15.5 18.5 23
ratio
Exhaust gas temp. 583 589 594 602 623 588
(degree C)
Heat rate (LHV) 9880 9500 9380 9360 9173 9115
(Btu/kWh)
Net output (MWe) 222 253 259 263 280.3 400
EIIiciency( Net) 51 52.7 53.5 55 57.3 60
NOx N/A 9 9 9 25 9
(ppmvd at 15 02)
Other Uses Other Uses
The vast majority of all commercial jets The vast majority of all commercial jets
NASA NASA
Offshore power generation(volvo Offshore power generation(volvo
vT2600) produces 2.S NW of energy, vT2600) produces 2.S NW of energy,
could be used on offshore oilrigs could be used on offshore oilrigs
Ferries Ferries
High performance racing boats High performance racing boats