ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I

6. Network Model

6. Network Model
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ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I

6. Network Model

Why Network Protocol Models?

Network communication is an extremely complex task Need cooperative efforts from all nodes involved A standard model helps to describe the task of a networking product or service Also help in troubleshooting by providing a frame of reference
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Who define Network Model?

Need non-profit making organizations ISO - International Standards Organization e.g. OSI, MPEG-1, 2, 4, etc. (http://www.iso.ch/) IEEE - Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers e.g IEEE 802, IEEE 754, etc. (http://www.ieee.org) ITU - International Telecommunication Union e.g. V.34, H.323, H.324, etc. (http://www.itu.int)
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The OSI 7-layer Model

OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
Defined in 1984 and become an international standard
All People Seem To Away Pizza Sausage Throw Not Do Please

Need Data Processing

ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I

6. Network Model

Layered Architecture
Layering specifies different level of functions and services Each layer works with the layer below and above it

Each layer provides services to next layer

Shield the upper layer from the details of actual implementation
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6. Network Model

Relationship of OSI layers

Virtual Communication

Physical Communication

ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I

6. Network Model

Protocols in a layered architecture

Network communication is possible only if machines speaking the same languages (protocols) Since each layer work independently, each layer speaks different languages (protocols)

Lead to the concept of a Protocol Stack

Network communication is possible only if the Protocol Stacks on two machines are the same
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6. Network Model

To identify the language (protocol) of each layer, identifier (header and trailer) are added to data

ENG224 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Part I

6. Network Model

1. Physical Layer
Example protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring (Physical part)
Define how cable is attached to the Network Adapter Card
How many pins in the connector? The impedance? Max/min electrical voltage? Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Responsible for transmitting bits from one computer to another

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Netw.
Data. Phys.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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6. Network Model

2. Data Link Layer

Example protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring Make data frames
Appl. Pres. Sess. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Frame

Tran.

Netw.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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Provide error-free frame transfer by acknowledgment and retransmission

Data. Phys.

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6. Network Model

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6. Network Model

3. Network Layer
Example protocols: IP, IPX Logical address to physical address translation
For TCP/IP running on Ethernet Logical address: IP address 158.132.148.99 Physical address: Ethernet address 00 00 E2 15 1A CA Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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Determine the route from source to destination computer

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6. Network Model

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6. Network Model

4. Transport Layer
Example protocols: TCP, SPX, NWLink Ensure packets are delivered error free, in sequence
Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Translate between packets and message

Sending Receiving

Netw.
Data. 1 2 3 3 2

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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Phys.

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6. Network Model

5. Session Layer
Example application program: Winsock, UNIX Socket Establishment, maintaining and release of session Provide dialog management
Appl. Pres. Sess. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Regulate which side transmit, Tran. when, for how long (Sync.) Netw. Provide synchronization between user tasks
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Data. Phys.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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6. Network Model

What is a Session?
A. Consecutive sessions on a transport layer connection 1 2 3 B. Consecutive sessions on a multiple transport layer connections 1 2 3

C. Both 1 2 3

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6. Network Model

6. Presentation Layer
Example application program: redirector (NT), SSL Translate data from Application Layer to the format suitable for session layer (the network) Provide data encryption, compression Changing or converting character set, graphic, and file format
Appl. Pres. Appl. Pres.

Sess.
Tran. Netw. Data. Phys.

Sess.
Tran. Netw. Data. Phys.

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6. Network Model

7. Application Layer
Example protocols: FTP, Telnet, HTTP
Entry point for application to access network Directly support user applications E.g. File transfer, email General capabilities: Network access, flow control, Error recovery 18
Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran. Appl. Pres. Sess. Tran.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

Netw.
Data. Phys.

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6. Network Model

Example: File Transfer

The most traditional network task Implemented by a simple Application Layer protocol called FTP
FTP Client FTP Server
PictureTel

Network

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6. Network Model

Utility: WS_FTP

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6. Network Model
PictureTel

WS_FTP

FTP Client

FTP

FTP

FTP Server

Layers 5-7
Layer 4 TCP TCP

Layers 5-7
Layer 4

Layer 3
Layers 1,2

IP
Ethernet

IP
Ethernet

Layer 3
Layers 1,2

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6. Network Model

The 802 Project Model

IEEE launched the Project 802 in 1980 February Predate the ISO standard, but the development was performed in roughly the same time Objective: To clearly define the network standards for different kind of physical components of a network - the interface card and the cabling Enhance the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model

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IEEE 802 Categories

802.1 802.3 Internetworking 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) LAN (Ethernet) Token Bus LAN 802.5 Token Ring LAN Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Broadband Technical Advisory Group

802.4 802.6
802.7

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802.8 802.9 802.10 802.12

Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Group Integrated Voice/Data Networks Network Security 802.11 Wireless Networks Demand Priority Access LAN, 100 BaseVG-AnyLAN

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6. Network Model

Enhancements to the OSI Model

Divide the Data Link layer into 2 sub-layers Logical Link Control Sub-layer Define the use of service access points (SAPs) as an interface for higher layer to Data Link layer Media Access Control Sub-layer Directly interface with the network card For delivering error-free data communications
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6. Network Model

Logical Link 802.1 Control 802.2 (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC)
802.3 802.5 802.4 802.12

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