M . A.

Manoja Tlilini
DIPi
nardness of Water
O aid waiei is waiei ilai las ligl mineial conieni(mainly
calcium and magnesium ions).aid waiei mineials piimaiily
consisi of calcium(ca ) and magnesium(Mg ) meial caiions
and someiimes oilei dissolved compounds sucl as
bicaibonaies(

) and sulfaies(S

).
O aidness in waiei can cause waiei io foim scales and a iesisiance
io soap. Ii can also be defined as waiei ilai does noi pioduce
lailei wiil soap soluiions, bui pioduces wliie piecipiiaie(scum)
R

a
+
+ a ]Mg (R)
:
a
(s)
+ :a
(aq)
oi (R)
:
Mg
(s)
(scum foimaiion)
@es of hardness
Tcmpovavy havdncss Pcvmancnt havdncss
W Tlis is caused by a combinaiion of
calcium ions(a ) and bicaibonaie
ions(

) in ile waiei.
WIi can be iemoved by boiling ile
waiei oi by ile addiiion of lime
(calcium lydioxide).
WBoiling piomoies ile foimaiion of
caibonaie fiom ile bicaibonaie and
piecipiiaies calcium caibonaie oui of
soluiion, leaving waiei ilai is sofiei
upon cooling.
WTlis is a laidness (mineial conieni)
ilai can noi be iemoved by boiling.
WIi is usually caused by ile piesence in
ile waiei of calcium and magnesium
sulfaies and]oi clloiides wlicl
become moie soluble as ile
iempeiaiuie iises.
WTlis can be iemoved using a waiei
sofienei oi ionexclange column,
wleie ile calcium and magnesium
ions aie exclange wiil ile sodium
ions in ile column.
Water treatment
Tleie aie iwo main iypes of waiei iieaimeni.
Pvccipitation pvoccss Ion-cxchangc pvoccss
WTle common one is lime -soda
piocess, wleie ile laidness of waiei
is piecipiiaied by adding lime and
sodium caibonaie in ile waiei.
WRemoval of iempoiaiy laidness
a(

)
:
+ a()
:
a
(s)
+
:

WRemoval of peimaneni(non
allaline) laidness
al
:
+ a
:

a
(s)
+ al
aS

+ a
:

a
(s)
+ a
:
S

Mgl
:
+ a
:

Mg
(s)
+ al
WTlis piocess involves ile use of a
ligl ion exclange iesin.
WTleie aie iwo exclange meilods.
i.aiion exclange meilod
:.Anion exclange meilod
Waiion exclange meilod
RS

+
+ a
+
RS

a
+
+
+
RS

a
+
+ a
:+
(RS

)
:
a + :a
+
WAnion exclange meilod
l

+ R Rl +
:

:
+ R R
:

+ :
:

onexchange
rocess
1he waLer Lo be LreaLed passes
Lhrough a bed of Lhe resln
negaLlvelycharged reslns absorb and
blnd meLal lons whlch are poslLlvely
charged 1he reslns lnlLlally conLaln
unlvalenL (1+) lons mosL commonly
sodlum buL someLlmes also
hydrogen (P
+
) or poLasslum (k
+
)
ulvalenL calclum and magneslum
lons ln Lhe waLer replace Lhese
unlvalenL lons whlch are released
lnLo Lhe waLer 1he harder Lhe
waLer Lhe more hydrogen sodlum or
poLasslum lons are released from Lhe
resln and lnLo Lhe waLer
;est|ons
@nANk CU