CC CNG NGH X L H2S V VOC (VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS) TRONG KH THI

Ging vin : Ts. Phm Xun Ni Nhm thc hin : 1.Nguyn Hu Dng 2. Nguyn Xun Khu 3. L Th Thy Dng 4. Nguyn nh Chnh 5. Nguyn Vn Cng

TNG QUAN
1.Ngun gc , l tnh 2.Tc hi ca H2S 3. Cc phng php x l : - x l bng mui cacbonat - x l bng NaOH - x l bng amoniac - x l bng natrithioasenat - x l bng than hot tnh - x l bng oxit st (Fe2O3) 4. Nhn xt , nh gi

1 . Ngun gc , l tnh :
a . Ngun gc Trong t nhin : C trong nc sui, kh ni la, thot ra t protein phn hy . Trong cng nghip : Dihydro sufua l loi kh ch yu ta ra trong qu trnh luyn cc t than , qu trnh lc du, qu trnh sn xut kh cng nghip, dihydro sufua cn l mt trong nhng thnh phn t kh t thin nhin. Ngoi ra, trong mt s ngnh cng nghip khc nh ch bin xenlulozo, si nhn to, nu bt giy, nu thuc nhum, x l nc thi, lng kh dihydro sufua ta ra cng ng k. b. L tnh - iu kin thng H2S l kh khng mu, mi trng thi, rt c, d=34/29=1,17 nng hn khng kh. - Nhit nng chy -85,5oC, nhit si l -61,8oC. - trng thi lng cng phn li nh nc nhng mc yu hn. - Hirsunfua t tan trong nc 2,5(l) H2S tan trong 1(l) nc

2. Tc hi ca H2S
- nng thp, H2S c kch thch ln mt v ng h hp. - Ht th lng ln hn hp kh H2S, mercaptan, ammoniac gy thiu oxy t ngt, c th dn n t vong do ngt. - Du hiu nhim c cp tnh: bun nn, ri lon tiu ha, tiu chy, mi hng kh v c mi hi, mt c biu hin ph mi, vim kt mc nhn cu, tit dch m v gim th lc. - Sunfua c to thnh xm nhp h tun hon tc ng n cc vng cm gic mch, vng sinh phn x ca cc thn kinh ng mch cnh. - Thng xuyn tip xc vi H2S nng di mc gy c cp tnh c th gy nhim c mn tnh. Cc triu chng c th l: suy nhc, ri lon h thn kinh, h tiu ha, tnh kh tht thng, kh tp trung, mt ng, vim ph qun mn tnh

3.Cc phng php x l :

a.X l H2S bng natricacbonat, amonicacbonat hoc kali photphat -Qu trnh x l H2S bng Na2CO3 c da trn c s cc phn ng sau: H2S + Na2CO3 = NaHS + NaHCO3 -Tip theo l phn ng thu hi lu hunh ca Natri vanadat (NaVO3 ) 2 NaHS + H2S + 4NaVO3 + O2 = Na2V4O9 +NaOH + 3S - hon nguyn vanadat ngi ta dng cht xc tc ADA (natri amoni vanadat v disunfonat) Na2V4O9 + 2 NaOH + 2ADA = 4NaVO3 + 2ADA
S phn ng nh sau :
Trong : 1.thp hp th. 2.thp gii hp th. 3.qut. 4.sy nng khng kh. 5.iu chnh nc dung dch 6.iu chnh lu lng dung dch ti.

S h thng x l H2S bng Na2CO3

Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn c th dng amoni cacbonat v kali cacbonat lm dung dch hp th i vi kh H2S. Vi amin cacbonat, phn ng xy ra nh sau: (NH4)2CO3 + H2S = (NH4)2S +H2O + CO2 Amomi sunfua (NH4)2S thu c trong dung dch ra khi thp hp th s c phn hy thnh NH3 v H2S. Dung dch NH3 quay tr li chu trnh kt hp vi CO2 v H2O c trong kh thi to thnh amin cacbonat v phn ng trn tip tc xy ra theo s h thng x l kh H2S bng amoni cacbonat.

S h thng x l H2S bng amoni cacbonat

Trong : 1.thp hp th. 2. thp oxi ha. 3. thng phn li. 4. thng cha lu hunh. 5. thng ra. 6. my lc li tm.

b. Cng ngh x l H2S bng NaOH

-C s ca phng php ny l kh H2S kt hp vi NaOH theo phn ng sau y: H2S + NaOH = Na2S + 2H2O Na2S + H2S = 2NaHS Na2S + H2O = NaHS + NaOH -Song song vi phn ng trn, NaOH tc dng vi CO2 CO2 + NaOH = NaHCO3 NaHCO3 + NaOH = Na2CO3 +H2O -Ngoi ra phn ng kh H2S trong dung dch cn xy ra trong qu trnh oxi ha natri sunfua thu c t phn ng (6) to thnh natri hydro sunfua v hyposunfit. Na2S +H2O = NaHS + NaOH 2NaHS + 2O2 = Na2S2O3 + H2O -V mt bo v mi trng , cc phn ng ph l c li v chng gp phn gim nh khu x l dung dch dng xong trc khi thi ra h thng thot nc.

S h thng x l H2S bng NaOH Trong 1. thp hp th 2. thng cha dung dch 3.thng x l dung dch x dng trc khi thi ra ngoi 4. bnh cha dung dch mi ( xt hoc sa vi ) 5. bnh cha vi clorua 6. bm.

c. X l H2S bng amoniac : Dung dch amoniac kh H2S trong kh thi l qu trnh kh n gin v c p dng rng ri . Trong thp hp th , H2S trong kh thi tip xc vi dung dch amoniac v chng kt hp vi nhau theo phn ng : NH3 + H2S = (NH4)2S nhit v p sut thch hp amoniac sunfua (NH4)2S phn gii thnh NH3 v H2S . amoniac quay li quy trnh lm vic , cn H2S c a sang cng on iu ch axit hoc lu hunh n cht .

S h thng x l H2S bng amoniac Trong : 1 . thp hp th 2, 3 . thng cha 4. thit b lm ngui 5. b mt trao i nhit 6. thp ct kh H2S

d. X l H2S bng dung dch natri thioasenat

Na4As2S5O2
Phn ng hp th kh H2S bng dung dch natri thioasenat xy ra nh sau : H2S + Na4As2S5O2 = Na4As2S5O + H2O -Tip theo , natri thioasenat c hon nguyn theo phn ng : 2Na4As2S6O + O2 = 2Na4As2S5O2 + 2S -Hai phn ng trn xy ra rt nhanh v l cc phn ng ch yu trong hu ht cc iu kin vn hnh . -Trng hp khi nng ban u ca H2S trong kh thi rt cao hoc thi gian tip xc gia kh H2S v dung dch hp ph ko di th cc phn ng ph chm hn sau y c th xy ra : Na4As2S5O2 + H2S = Na4As2O7 + H2O Na4As2S7 + O2 = Na4As2S6O + 2S -Dung dch hp ph natri thioasenat c chun b bng cch ha tan As2O3 v natricabonat Na2CO3 trong nc vi t l 1:2 . Trong dung dch s c natro cacbonat , v bicacbonat , natri asenit , cc hp cht trn s phn ng xem k vi H2S v oxy to thnh natri thiosenat Na4As2S502 .
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S h thng x l H2S bng natri thioasenat Trong : 1. thp hp th 2. bm 3. thit b lm nng dung dch 4. thp oxy ha 5. thng phn ly lu hunh 6. thng lng lu hunh

e. X l kh H2S bng cht hp th oxit st Fe2O3

-y l phng php c in nht c da trn c s cc phn ng sau : Fe2O3 + 3 H2S = Fe2S3 + 3H2O 2Fe2S3 + 3 O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 6S - Sau khi bo ha H2S oxit st c hon nguyn bng khng kh (cp oxy) thu lu hunh. -Tc phn ng hp th H2S ca oxit st c hon nguyn bng khng kh (cp oxy) thu lu hunh. -Tc phn ng ph thuc vo mc tip xc gia kh v b mt vt liu hp th. Do nng cao tc phn ng, rng ca vt liu hp th phi ln. Thng rng ca oxit st khng nh hn 50%. -iu kin tt nht cho qu trnh hp th kh H2S bng oxit st l nhit nm trong khong 28 30oC v m, ca vt liu hp th khong 30%. - hon nguyn c th p dng cc phng php khc nhau: +oxy ha nguyn liu hp th bng oxy khng kh. +Thi hn hp hp kh c cha 22 30% oxy qua lp vt liu hp th. Nhit hon nguyn 600 800oC. -Hon nguyn lin tc khi vt liu hp th bng cch b sung vo dng kh cn x l 1 th tch khng kh vi tnh ton sao cho lng oxy trong trong hn hp kh gp 1,5 ln lng oxy l thuyt cn cho qu trnh oxy ha. Nh vy qu trnh hon nguyn s xy ra song song vi qu trnh hp th