SOCIALIZATION

SOCIALIZATION

socious means ally; socialis pertaining to society Life-long process of social interaction through which an individuals acquire self-identity and the physical, mental and social skills needed for survival in society. The process by which children become participating and functioning members of society and fit into an organized way of life as mature adults.

SOCIALIZATION
Functions :
1. 2.

3.

Agent in transmittal of values, customs and beliefs from generation to the other. Enables the individual to grow and develop into a socially functioning person. Means of social control

SOCIALIZATION
2 Levels: 1. Primary socialization

2.

Secondary socialization

one becomes a member of society. It takes place in the family. individual moves into and internalizes knowledge and attitudes of new sectors of life. One pursues a line of work or career usually gradual and changes that take place are typically minor.

SOCIALIZATION
Human - includes being conscious of ourselves as individuals with unique identities, personalities and relationships with others. - ideas, emotions and values think rational

2 factors of Human Development: Heredity - biological traits transferred

from parents to offspring.

Socio-cultural environment refers to the

learned ways of living and norms of behaviors; various groups and social interactions going in the groups of which one is a member.

Maslows Hierarchy of Total Human Development

Reasons why children dont develop socialization:

Isolated circumstances occurs when parents gone home for work abroad; emotional abuse; unwanted child (rape victims) Child neglect childrens basic needs are not met, regardless of cause ( emotional, warmth, security, health, education, food); omission rather than commission (physical abuse) Child abuse

SOCIALIZATION
Agencies: Family Peer group Church and religious organizations School/ institutions Mass media Work place

LEARNING THEORIES

Charles Cooley: The looking glass self

the ability of children to visualize themselves through the eyes of others, to imagine how they appear to others. Proponent of this theory was Charles Cooley. 3 elements: Imagination of how we appear to other persons Imagination of the judgment of that appearance Self-feeling (such as pride or mortification)

LEARNING THEORIES

George Mead: Mind, Self and Society

by George Herbert Mead, he expanded Cooleys idea of the social self by relating the idea of the self-concept to role taking. The self emerges in the process of socialization mediated by language.

Play stage period during which children take on roles of other individuals one at a time. Game stage children are able to consider the roles of other people ate the same time and what are expected of all the others ate the same time. Generalized others period wherein children able to respond to a number of individuals in the group and integrate the various norms of the group.

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES/ SOCIAL PROCESSES

1.) Freuds Theory of Socialization (psychoanalytic theory) holds that socialization is a process characterized by the internal struggle between the biological components and the sociocultural environment.

3 major systems of personality: Id the biological component which is the source of a number of drives and urges. It centers around the satisfaction and operates on the pleasure principle. Ego rational reality- oriented component that imposes restrictions Superego opposes the first two. ; conscience, moral & ethical sense of personality; representing the traditional rules, values and ideals of society.

2.) Cognitive Development

-Jean Piaget -interested in how people process, use and obtain information - how children action is governed by perception of world around them

4 stages of intellectual development

a.

b.

c.

d.

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2 yrs. Old) -understands world through sensory contact and immidiate action -object permanence-believe in the existence of object even if the object is out of sight Preoperational stage (2-7) -ability to use logic in a limited way to realize that physical objects may change in appearance while retaining the essence. Concrete operational stage (7-11) -thinks in terms of tangible objects and actual events -start to graph viewpoint of others -draw conclusions to situation without involvement Formal Operational stage (12- adolescent) -highly abstract in understanding -evaluates opinions

3.)

Stage of Moral Development

-Lawrence Kohlberg (1927) -conducted series of studies in which children , adolescent and adults were presented with moral dilemmas in the form of stories

3 sequential levels of moral reasoning

Preconventional level (7-10) -childrens perceptions are based on punishments and obedience Conventional level (10- adulthood) -perception is through how they are perceived by peers and how one conforms to rules Postconventional (few adults) -view reality through individual rights, moral conduct, judged by principles and human rights

PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL INTERACTION

Symbolic Interactionism is based primarily on the works and ideas of Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley. Self-identity is developed through social interaction with others, mediated by the language. Dramaturgy Erving Goffman made use of the dramaturgical approach with his expression, All the world is a stage. Individuals are performing and acting for their audience in everyday life. Roles refers to acting in accordance with the expected norms attached to a particular position. Role performance the actual conduct of the role in accordance with the position.

RELATING TO OTHERS

Sizing others up Communicating with others Relating to others in physical space Helping others Working with and against others