RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & IPR

(R1UC701T)

B.TECH-CSE AND ALL ALLIED SPECIALIZATION

SEM-7TH
YEAR-4TH
MEANING OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

• OUTLINE
• Meaning of Research • Approaches of investigation of
• Research Process Solution for Research Problem
• Method vs Methodology • Data Collection
• Criteria/Characteristics of Good Research
• Problems of Researcher’s in India
• Motivation of Research
• Research Problem
• Component of Research Problem
• Errors in selecting a Research Problem
• Sources in Research Problem
• Scope and Objectives of Research
Problem
• Types of Research and Research
MEANING OF RESEARCH

• What is Research?
• Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic investigation
to establish facts.
• Research may be very broadly defined as systematic gathering of data and information
and its analysis for advancement of knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to find
answer intellectual and practical questions through application of systematic methods.
• The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of
research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in
any branch of knowledge”.
• In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding
solution to a problem is research.
RESEARCH PROCESS

• Research Process Flow Chart

RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
1. Formulating the research problem
2. Extensive literature survey
3. Developing the hypothesis
4. Preparing the research design
5. Determining sample design
6. Collecting the data
7. Execution of the project
8. Analysis of data
9. Hypothesis testing
10. Generalisation and interpretation
11. preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of
conclusions reached.
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Formulating the research problem :
• There are two types of research problems :
1. Those which relate to states of nature and
2. those which relate to relationships between variables.
• At the very outset the researcher must single out the problem he wants to
study, i.e., he must decide the general area of interest or aspect of a subject-
matter that he would like to inquire into.
• The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem, thus,
constitutes the first step in a scientific enquiry.
• Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem,
1. understanding the problem thoroughly,
2. rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view.
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Formulating the research problem :
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Extensive literature survey :
• Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written
down.
• At this juncture the researcher should undertake extensive literature survey
connected with the problem.
• For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals and published or
unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go to.
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Developing the hypothesis:
• After extensive literature survey, researcher should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis or hypotheses. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order
to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.
• How does one go about developing working hypotheses? The answer is by using the
following approach:
1. Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the
objectives in seeking a solution;
2. Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for possible
trends, peculiarities and other clues;
3. Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems; and
4. Exploratory personal investigation
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Preparing the research design:
• The research problem having been formulated in clear cut terms, the researcher will
be required to prepare a research design, i.e., he will have to state the conceptual
structure within which research would be conducted.
• The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant evidence
with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
• The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research
problem, involves usually the consideration of the following:
1. the means of obtaining the information;
2. the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any);
3. explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be
organized and the reasoning leading to the selection;
4. the time and cost available for research;
RESEARCH PROCESS
• Stages in Research Process
• Determining sample design :
• The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or what is popularly
known as the sample design.
• The researcher may use one of the sample design :
1. Deliberate sample design
2. Simple random sampling
3. Systematic sampling
4. Stratified sampling
5. Quota sampling
6. Cluster sampling
7. Multi-stage sampling
8. Sequential sampling
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Characteristics of Good Research

1. Systematic
2. Logical
3. Empirical
4. Replicable
5. Reductive
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Characteristics of Good Research

1. Systematic : It means that research is structured with specified steps to be
taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules.
Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but
it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at
conclusions.
2. Logical : This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning
and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in
carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the
whole whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise to a
conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning
makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making.
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Characteristics of Good Research

3. Empirical : It implies that research is related basically to one or more
aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for
external validity to research results.
4. Replicable : This characteristic allows research results to be verified by
replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions.
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Characteristics of Good Research

• Whatever may be the types of research works and studies, one thing that is important is
that they all meet on the common ground of scientific method employed by them. One
expects scientific research to satisfy the following criteria:
1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts be
used.
2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit
another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the
continuity of what has already been attained.
3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results
that are as objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design
and estimate their effects upon the findings.
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and
the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD RESEARCH

• Characteristics of Good Research

6.Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and
limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.
7.Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a
good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.
OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

• The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of

scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. Though each research study has its
own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings :
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with
this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group
(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as
diagnostic research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are
known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH

• What makes people to undertake research? This is a question of fundamental

importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the
following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over
practical problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHERS

• Researchers in India, particularly those engaged in empirical research, are facing

several problems. Some of the important problems are as follows:
1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research.
2. There is insufficient interaction between the university research departments.
3. There is lack of confidence that the information/data obtained will not be misused.
4. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers.
5. Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance.
6. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many places.
7. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data.
8. The problem of conceptualization
RESEARCH METHOD VS METHODOLOGY

• Method:
• Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for
conduction of research. Research methods or techniques*, thus, refer to the methods the
researchers.
• In other words, all those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of
studying his research problem are termed as research methods.
• research methods can be put into the following three groups:
• In the first group we include those methods which are concerned with the collection
of data. These methods will be used where the data already available are not
sufficient to arrive at the required solution;
• The second group consists of those statistical techniques which are used for
establishing relationships between the data and the unknowns;
• The third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy
of the results obtained.
RESEARCH METHOD VS METHODOLOGY

• Methodology:
• Method + ology =The study of Methods
• Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically.
• it is a study of various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his
research problem along with the logic behind them.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Problem:
• The term problem originates from a Greek word “Proballein”.
• The meaning of the word is as follow:
• Anything thrown forward
• A question proposed for solution
• A matter slated for Examination
• “a situation for which we have no ready and successful response by
previously acquired habit”-by R.S.Woodworth.
• In other words it means a situation in which a ready solution is not
available. The solution can be found out only after an investigation.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Definition:
• In research process, the first and foremost step happens to be that of selecting and
properly defining a research problem. Like a medical doctor, a researcher must examine
all the symptoms (presented to him or observed by him) concerning a problem before
he can diagnose correctly. To define a problem correctly, a researcher must know: what
a problem is
• A research problem is a specific question, problem, or difficulty that needs to be
investigated or analyzed.
• A research problem is a specific issue or gap in existing knowledge that you aim to
address in your research.
• A research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution for the same.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Component of Research Problem:

• There must be an individual or a group which has some difficulty or the problem.
• There must be some objective(s) to be attained at. If one wants nothing, one cannot
have a problem.
• There must be alternative means (or the courses of action) for obtaining the objective(s)
one wishes to attain. This means that there must be at least two means available to a
researcher for if he has no choice of means, he cannot have a problem.
• There must remain some doubt in the mind of a researcher with regard to the selection
of alternatives. This means that research must answer the question concerning the
relative efficiency of the possible alternatives.
• There must be some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Selection of Good Research Problem:

• The research problem undertaken for study must be carefully selected.
• Every researcher must find out his own salvation for research problems cannot be
borrowed.
• A research guide can at the most only help a researcher choose a subject. However,
the following points may be observed by a researcher in selecting a research problem or a
subject for research:
• Is the problem relevant and important.
• Does the subject area suits to his interest.
• Does it contain originality and creativeness.
• Does the problem requires extension of knowledge. Is the problem feasible with
respect to time and date required in its solution.
• Is the study reveal some new ideas.
• Is the study practically fulfill the objectives.
• Is the problem of investigation is too narrow or too broad.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Selection of Good Research Problem:

• Subject which is overdone should not be normally chosen.
• Controversial subject should not become the choice of an average researcher.
• Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided.
• The subject selected for research should be familiar and feasible so that the related
research material or sources of research are within one’s reach.
• The subject should be selected keeping Man-power, time and budget in attention.
• The selection of a problem must be preceded by a preliminary study.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Techniques involved in defining a Research Problem:

• The technique for the purpose involves the undertaking of the following steps generally
one after the other:
1. Statement of the problem in a general way
2. Understanding the nature of the problem
3. Surveying the available literature
4. Developing the ideas through discussions
5. Rephrasing the research problem
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Sources of Research Problem:

• Observation and Experience: Research problems can arise from personal
observations or experiences that highlight an area needing investigation
• Literature Review: Examining existing literature can reveal gaps , inconsistencies, or
areas where further research is needed.
• Practical Issues or Concerns: Both professional and personal, can inspire researchers
to address issues they have encountered.
• Collaboration with Industry or Institutions: Industry challenges inspire researcher to
meet the demand of latest trend.
• Expert Consultation: Discussions with experts in a particular field can highlight
unresolved questions or areas of concern that require further investigation.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Sources of Research Problem:

• Technology Advancements: Technological innovations can open up new avenues for
research by introducing novel challenges or opportunities.
• Policy and Regulation: New policies, regulations, or laws may lead to research
inquiries about their effectiveness, unintended consequences, or areas needing
improvement.
• Global Events and Crises: Major events such as natural disasters, pandemics, or
geopolitical conflicts can generate research questions related to response strategies,
recovery efforts, and long-term impacts.
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Scope and Objective of Research Problem:

• The scope and objectives of a research problem define the boundaries and goals of a
research study. They provide clarity and direction for the research process, helping
researchers focus their efforts and guide the development of the study.
• Geographical Scope
• Temporal Scope
• Population/Participants
• Variables
• Main Objective
• Specific Objectives
• Hypotheses or Research Questions
• Methodological Objectives
• Practical or Applied Objectives
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Errors in Selecting a Research Problem:

• Some common errors researchers may commit when selecting a research problem:
• Vague Problem Statement
• Overly Broad or Narrow Problem
• Ignoring Relevance and Significance
• Lack of Originality
• Insufficient Literature Review
• Personal Bias
• Infeasible Problem
• Ignoring Ethical Considerations
• Underestimating Resources
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Errors in Selecting a Research Problem:

• Some common errors researchers may commit when selecting a research problem:
• Vague Problem Statement: Taking a ambiguous research problem may lead to hard
path of the research.
• Overly Broad or Narrow Problem: Opting for a research problem that is too broad or
ambitious, making it difficult to achieve meaningful results within the available
resources and time.
• Selecting a problem that is too specific, resulting in a limited scope for research and
potential findings.
• Ignoring Relevance and Significance : Choosing a research problem that lacks
relevance or importance in the field, leading to limited impact.
• Lack of Originality: Choosing a problem that lacks originality or innovation, resulting
in research that does not contribute significantly to existing knowledge.
• Insufficient Literature Review: Failing to conduct a thorough literature review,
which can lead to selecting a problem that has already been extensively researched or
RESEARCH PROBLEM

• Errors in Selecting a Research Problem:

• Some common errors researchers may commit when selecting a research problem:
• Personal Bias : Allowing personal biases or preconceptions to influence the choice
of research problem, potentially compromising the objectivity of the study.
• Infeasible Problem: Selecting a problem that is too complex or resource-intensive
to investigate effectively within the available constraints.
• Ignoring Ethical Considerations: : Failing to consider ethical implications and
potential harm that could arise from the research, leading to negative consequences.
• Underestimating Resources: : Choosing a problem solely based on external
factors, such as funding availability, rather than genuine interest or passion.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
1. Descriptive Research:
• Describe the phenomenon under the study.
• includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
• The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as
it exists at present.
• In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post
facto research for descriptive research studies.
• The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over
the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.
• focuses more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the
research subject.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
1. Descriptive Research:
• Examples:
• How has the Amsterdam housing market changed over the past 20 years?
• Do customers of company X prefer product X or product Y?
• What are the main genetic, behavioral and morphological differences
between European wildcats and domestic cats?
• What are the most popular online news sources among under-18s?
• How prevalent is disease A in population B?
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
1. Descriptive Research:
• Methods:
• Surveys
• Observations
• Case Studies
• Characteristics:
• Quantitative research
• Uncontrolled variables
• Cross-sectional Studies
• The basis for further research:
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
1. Descriptive Research:
• Advantages:
• Diverse data collection method: it can be carried out using specific data
collection methods such as observation, case studies , etc..
• Provides thorough information: Since data collected is qualitative and
quantitative. It gives a holistic understanding of a research topic.
• Provides high quality data: Allows the research to be conducted in the
respondent’s natural environment, ensuring the high quality data is collected.
• Quick to perform and cheap
• Forms the basis of decision making.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• To gain knowledge about nature of phenomenon about which there is no prior
idea.
• Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem
which is not clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the
existing research problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
• Unstructured studies
• Usually low cost, interactive and open ended.
• There are no set of rules to carry out the research per se, as they are flexible,
broad and scattered.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• It will enable a researcher answer questions like what is the problem? What is
the purpose of the study? And what topics could be studied?
• To carry out exploratory research, generally there is no prior research done or
the existing ones do not answer the problem precisely enough.
• It is a time consuming research and it needs patience and has risks associated
with it.
• Such a research usually produces qualitative data, however in certain cases
quantitative data can be generalized for a larger sample through use of surveys
and experiments.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• Methods:
• Surveys
• Interviews
• Focus groups
• Observations
• Online research
• Literature surveys
• Case studies research
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• Advantages:
• The researcher has a lot of flexibility and can adapt to changes as the
research progresses.
• It is usually low cost.
• It helps lay the foundation of a research, which can lead to further research.
• It enables the researcher understand at an early stage, if the topic is worth
investing the time and resources and if it is worth pursuing.
• It can assist other researchers to find out possible causes for the problem,
which can be further studied in detail to find out, which of them is the most
likely cause for the problem.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• Disadvantages:
• Even though it can point you in the right direction towards what is the
answer, it is usually inconclusive.
• The main disadvantage of exploratory research is that they provide
qualitative data. Interpretation of such information can be judgmental and
biased.
• Most of the times, exploratory research involves a smaller sample, hence the
results cannot be accurately interpreted for a generalized population.
• Many a times, if the data is being collected through secondary research, then
there is a chance of that data being old and is not updated..
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
2. Exploratory Research:
• Example
• Exploring the Impact of Remote Work on Employee Productivity.
• Exploring the Impact of Work From Home on Employee Productivity.
• Exploring Consumer Behavior Towards Sustainable Products.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
3. Explanatory Research:
• Explain cause of phenomenon and establishes causes and effect relation between the
variables under study.
• Its goal is to find the why and what of an object of study.
• Explanatory research is responsible for finding the why of the events by establishing
cause-effect relationships.
• Its results and conclusions constitute the deepest level of knowledge.
• explanatory studies can deal with the determination of causes (post-facto research)
and effects (experimental research) through hypothesis testing.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
3. Explanatory Research:
• Characteristics:
• it does not offer conclusive results, the researcher can find out why a phenomenon
occurs.
• Uses secondary research
• It allows the researcher to have a broad understanding of the topic and refine
subsequent research questions to augment the study’s conclusions.
• Explanatory research allows them to replicate studies to give them greater depth and
gain new insights into the phenomenon.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
3. Explanatory Research:
• Methods
• Literature Research
• Interview
• Case Studies
• Focus Groups
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
1. On the basis of Purpose:
3. Explanatory Research:
• Advantages
• Used for Social Research
• In-depth Knowledge
• Disadvantage
• Non-Conclusive
• Example
• Studying the Impact of Social Media on Academic Performance
• An explanatory study of college students' addictions to their electronic gadgets.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
2. On the basis of Application:
1. Pure or Basic research
• Basic Research is a type of research used in the scientific field to understand and
extend our knowledge about a specific phenomenon or field. It is also accepted
as pure investigation or fundamental research.
• Basic research is concerned with the generalization of a theory in a branch of
knowledge.
• its purpose is usually to generate data that confirm or refute the initial thesis of
the study.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
2. On the basis of Application:
1. Pure or Basic research
• Advantages
• Applicable in wide range of cases
• Research component of any discipline
• Disadvantages
• No constructive conclusion
• Do not resolve complex business problems
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
2. On the basis of Application:
1. Pure or Basic research
• Example
• Studying the best factors of pricing strategies.
• Understand the client’s level of satisfaction before certain interactions with
the company providing solutions.
• The understanding of the leadership style of a particular company.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
2. On the basis of Application:
2. Applied or Action research
• It aims at solving the practical problems of business and society through the
application of theories and principles evolved by pure research.
• Example:
1. Applied study in business to increase the profit.
2. Applied study to understand the reach of online learning initiatives.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Qualitative research
• Qualitative research is a method of inquiry that aims to understand human behavior,
experiences, and social phenomena from the perspectives of those involved.
• It focuses on exploring the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics,
metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things, rather than their counts or
measures.
• This method is about “what” people think and “why” they think so.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Qualitative research
• Methods
• Interviews
• Focus groups
• Observation
• Case Studies
• Characteristics:
• Open-ended Questions
• Data collection at sight
• Gather Multiple forms of data
• Solve complex issues by breaking it into meaningful inferences
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Quantitative research is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques.
• Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.
It can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships, and generalize results to wider populations.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Characteristics:
• Structured Tools: Quantitative research relies on structured tools such as
surveys, polls, or questionnaires to gather quantitative data
• Sample Size: Quantitative Research is conducted on a significant sample size
representing target market.
• Close-Ended Question
• Prior studies: Before collecting feedback from respondents, researchers often
delve into previous studies related to the research topic.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Characteristics:
• Quantitative data: Typically, quantitative data is represented using tables,
charts, graphs, or other numerical forms. This visual representation aids in
understanding the collected data and is essential for rigorous data analysis, a
key component of quantitative research methods.
• Generalization of results: One of the strengths of quantitative research is its
ability to generalize results to the entire population. It means that the findings
derived from a sample can be extrapolated to make informed decisions and
take appropriate actions for improvement based on numerical data analysis.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Methods:
• descriptive research, you simply seek an overall summary of your study variables.
• In correlational research, you investigate relationships between your study
variables.
• In experimental research, you systematically examine whether there is a cause-
and-effect relationship between variables.
• Surveys
• Observation
• Secondary Research
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Advantages
• Collect Reliable Data :Quantitative research is a powerful method for
collecting reliable and accurate quantitative data. Since data is collected,
analyzed, and presented in numbers, the results obtained are incredibly reliable
and objective.
• Quick data Collection: Quantitative research involves studying a group of
people representing a larger population. Researchers use a survey or another
quantitative research method to efficiently gather information from these
participants.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Advantages
• Wider Scope of Data Analysis: Quantitative research, thanks to its
utilization of statistical methods, offers an extensive range of data collection
and analysis.
• Eliminate Bias: One of the significant advantages of quantitative research is
its ability to eliminate bias. This research method leaves no room for
personal comments or the biasing of results, as the findings are presented in
numerical form.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
3. On the basis of Character of Data:
1. Quantitative research
• Disadvantages
• Using precise and restrictive operational definitions may inadequately
represent complex concepts.
• Predetermined variables and measurement procedures can mean that you
ignore other relevant observations.
• Despite standardized procedures, structural biases can still affect quantitative
research. Missing data, imprecise measurements or inappropriate sampling
methods are biases that can lead to the wrong conclusions.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
4. On the basis of Comparison
1. Longitudinal Research:
• Trend Analysis of phenomena over period of time.
• It is mostly used in medical research and other areas like psychology or sociology.
• It is also known as On-Time research.
• Advantages:
• Greater validation: For a long-term study to be successful, objectives and rules
must be established from the beginning.
• Unique data: Most research studies collect short-term data to determine the cause
and effect of what is being investigated. Longitudinal surveys follow the same
principles but the data collection period is different.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
4. On the basis of Comparison
1. Longitudinal Research:
• Advantages:
• Allow identifying trends: Whether in medicine, psychology, or sociology, the
long-term design of a longitudinal study enables trends and relationships to be
found within the data collected in real time.
• Longitudinal surveys are flexible
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
4. On the basis of Comparison
1. Longitudinal Research:
• Disadvantages:
• Research time
• An unpredictability factor is always present
• Large samples are needed for the investigation to be meaningful
• Higher costs
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
4. On the basis of Comparison
2. Comparative Research:
• Compares the characteristics of different units and groups.
• Generally used in Social-Science where different countries or cultures are
examined.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH

• Types of Research:
• The basic types of research are as follows:
5. Some other types
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem

• All it takes are two never’s and three always.

• Never rely on a single document for any point, even when it tells you exactly what
you want to know. Records often err and we won’t know it until and unless we test
their assertions against other records. With any piece of research our goal should be to
use all relevant records and to make certain that anything we use to “corroborate”
something else has totally independent origins.
• Never assume any type of record is reliable. Record types are like people. Some are
totally dependable. Some make us cringe or roll our eyeballs. Most are a mixture.
• Always test each finding—no matter how small findings it may be. The ultimate
“fact” in all projects is this: Our conclusion can never be better than the evidence on
which we base it.
• Always use each finding to lead you to something else. No fact is an absolute. No
record is an end to itself. Facts and records are always part of something much
bigger.
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem

• All it takes are two never’s and three always.

• Always contrast, compare, and challenge. Each new piece of information needs to be
scrutinized rigorously. We study not just the details in a record but the construction of
the record and the record set
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem

Research Approaches

Quantitative Approach Qualitative Approach

Experimental Inferential Approach

Approach
Simulation Approach
Survey Approach
Case Study Approach
Mixed Method
Approach Grounded Theory
Approach
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem

• Research Approaches:
• Inferential approach: Inferential approach to research is to form a data base from
which to infer characteristics or relationships of population.
• Survey Approach: Surveys involve collecting data from a larger population through
questionnaires or interviews.
• Case Study Approach: A case study involves an in-depth exploration of a single
entity, such as an individual, organization, event, or phenomenon.
• Mixed-Methods Approach: This approach combines both quantitative and
qualitative methods. Researchers collect and analyze both numerical and non-
numerical data to gain a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
• Action research: It is often used in practical or applied settings. It involves
researchers collaborating with stakeholders to identify problems, implement
interventions, and evaluate the outcomes.
Approaches of Investigation of Solutions for Research Problem

• Research Approaches:
• Grounded Theory Approach: This approach is commonly used in social sciences to
develop theories from empirical data. Researchers gather data and then systematically
code and analyze it to derive concepts and theories that are "grounded" in the data
itself.
• Experimental Approach: Greater control over research environment.
• Simulation Approach: Construction of an Artificial environment.
• Qualitative approach: This approach is concerned with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behavior. Research in such a situation is a function of
researcher’s insights and impressions.
• Often, a combination of approaches might be used to address different aspects of the
problem and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the solutions.
Data Collection
Data Collection
Data Analysis and Interpretation

• After the collection of data, what we have is a huge chunk of observations and numerical
values.
• Analysis: Analysis refers to the process of examining and interpreting the collected data.
• The aim is to uncover patterns, trends, relationships, and insights within the data.
• The data at the beginning are in raw form. For the purpose of applying further statistical
techniques, one has to put the raw data in a useful form by classification, tabulation and
categorization of data.
• If one has to feed the data in a computer, the data should bear the same form as required by
the software used.
• This kind of processing of data involves one or more of the following activities: (i) coding
(ii) labeling (iii)editing (iv) tabulation (v) classification
• Hypothesis testing- After analyzing and processing of data, it is time now to test the
hypothesis that were formed .
Data Analysis and Interpretation

• In other words, the researcher decides on the basis of the observed facts that he has
collected, whether or not an assumption is valid. A hypothesis is tested by making use of a
predefined decision rules established in statistical methods.
• Some of the popular statistical tests are, Z- test, Chi- square test, t- test and F- test.
• In a situation where no hypothesis is formulated in a study, the observations are made on the
data directly and conclusions are drawn to formulate new generalizations and assumptions
for future purposes.
Data Analysis and Interpretation

• Interpretations of results- After the data collection and testing of hypothesis one has to reach
to the conclusions of the research study.
• These conclusions are the most vital outcomes of the study and have to be dealt with very
carefully.
• On the basis of findings of the research work done we draw inferences about the
phenomenon under study.
• This is a useful activity as without any outcome a research study is fruitless. The results
obtained from the analysis of data are to be interpreted skillfully. A wrong interpretation my
lead to wrong decisions.
Data Analysis and Interpretation

• Interpretation may also lead to generalizations of the phenomena understudy. It may also
help in developing new theories and can suggest new research problems to be explored in
future.
Limitation of Research
Role of Computer’s in Research