Chapter 1: Introduction to Project Management

adopted from PMIs PMBOK 2000 and Textbook : Information Technology Project Management (author : Dr. Kathy Schwalbe)

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Contents
Project and project management definition Motivation of studying PM Advantages of using formal PM Triple Constraint of PM Project Management Framework 9 Project Management Knowledge Areas Project Management Profession
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What is a Project?
A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to accomplish a unique purpose Attributes of projects
unique purpose temporary require resources, often from various areas should have a primary sponsor and/or customer involve uncertainty
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Examples of IT Projects
Northwest Airlines developed a new reservation system called ResNet (see chapters 11-16) Many organizations upgrade hardware, software, and networks via projects (see chapter 5 opening and closing case) Organizations develop new software or enhance existing systems to perform many business functions (see examples throughout the text) Note: IT projects refers to projects involving hardware, software, and networks
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Motivation for Studying Information Technology (IT) Project Management

IT Projects have a terrible track record
A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only 16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were canceled before completion, costing over $81 B in the U.S. alone

The need for IT projects keeps increasing

In 1998, corporate America issued 200,000 new-start application development projects In 2000, there were 300,000 new IT projects, and In 2001, over 500,000 new IT projects were started
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Advantages of Using Formal Project Management

Better control of financial, physical, and human resources Improved customer relations Shorter development times Lower costs Higher quality and increased reliability Higher profit margins Improved productivity Better internal coordination Higher worker morale Chapter 1

The Triple Constraint

Every project is constrained in different ways by its
Scope goals: What is the project trying to accomplish? Time goals: How long should it take to complete? Cost goals: What should it cost?

It is the project managers duty to balance these three often competing goals
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Figure 1-1. The Triple Constraint of Project Management

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Problems of poor project management

The 2001 Standish Group Report Showed Decided Improvement in IT Project Success Rates From the 1995 Study Time overruns significantly decreased to 63% compared to 222% Cost overruns were down to 45% compared to 189% Required features and functions were up to 67% compared to 61% 78,000 U.S. projects were successful compared to 28,000 28% of IT projects succeeded compared to 16%
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Why the Improvements?

"The reasons for the increase in successful projects vary. First, the average cost of a project has been more than cut in half. Better tools have been created to monitor and control progress and better skilled project managers with better management processes are being used. The fact that there are processes is significant in itself.*
The Standish Group, "CHAOS 2001: A Recipe for Chapter 1 Success" (2001)

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What is Project Management?

Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet project requirements (PMI*, Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 2000, p. 6)
*The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an international professional society. Their web site is www.pmi.org.
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Figure 1-2. Project Management Framework

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Project Stakeholders
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected by project activities Stakeholders include
the project sponsor and project team support staff customers users suppliers opponents to the project
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9 Project Management Knowledge Areas

Knowledge areas describe the key competencies that project managers must develop
4 core knowledge areas lead to specific project objectives (scope, time, cost, and quality) 4 facilitating knowledge areas are the means through which the project objectives are achieved (human resources, communication, risk, and procurement management 1 knowledge area (project integration management) affects and is affected by all of the other knowledge areas
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Project Management Tools and Techniques

Project management tools and techniques assist project managers and their teams in various aspects of project management Some specific ones include
Project Charter and WBS (scope) Gantt charts, network diagrams, critical path analysis, critical chain scheduling (time) Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)

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Sample WBS for Intranet Project in Chart Form

Intranet Project Concept Web Site Design Design User Interface Design Server Setup Develop Server Support Infrastructure Web Site Development Develop Pages and Links Develop Functionality Content Migration/Integration Testing Roll Out Support

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Figure 1-4. Sample Gantt Chart

The WBS is on the left, and each tasks start and finish date are shown on the right using a calendar timescale. Chapter 1

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Figure 1-5. Sample Network Diagram

Each box is a project task from the WBS. Arrows show dependencies between tasks. The bolded tasks are on the critical path. If any tasks on the critical path take longer than planned, the whole project will slip unless something is done.
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Sample Earned Value Chart

300

EAC
250

BAC

200

BCWS or Cumulative Plan 150 BCWS ACWP or Cumulative Actual BCWP or Cumulative EV

Cost Variance
100 ACWP BWCP

Schedule Variance

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Month 7 8 9 10 11 12

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More Advantages of Project Management*

Bosses, customers, and other stakeholders do not like surprises Good project management (PM) provides assurance and reduces risk PM provides the tools and environment to plan, monitor, track, and manage schedules, resources, costs, and quality PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning as well as good documentation Project members learn and grow by working in a crossfunctional team environment
*Knutson, Joan, PM Network, December 1997, p. 13

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How Project Management (PM) Relates to Other Disciplines

Much of the knowledge needed to manage projects is unique to PM However, project managers must also have knowledge and experience in
general management the application area of the project

Project managers must focus on meeting specific project objectives

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Figure 1-3. Project Management and Other Disciplines

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History of Project Management

Modern project management began with the Manhattan Project, which the U.S. military led to develop the atomic bomb In 1917 Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart as a tool for scheduling work in job shops In 1958, the Navy developed PERT charts In the 1970s, the military began using project management software, as did the construction industry By the 1990s, virtually every industry was using some form of project management
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The Project Management Profession

A 1996 Fortune article called project management the number one career choice Professional societies like the Project Management Institute (PMI) have grown tremendously Average salaries for project managers are over $81,000
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Project Management Knowledge Continues to Grow and Mature

PMI hosted their first research conference in June 2000 in Paris, France The PMBOK Guide 2000 Edition is an ANSI standard PMIs certification department earned ISO 9000 certification Hundreds of new books, articles, and presentations related to project management have been written in recent years
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Project Management Certification

PMI provides certification as a Project Management Professional (PMP) A PMP has documented sufficient project experience, agreed to follow a code of ethics, and passed the PMP exam The number of people earning PMP certification is increasing quickly PMI and other organizations are offering new certification programs (see Appendix B)
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Figure 1-6. Growth in PMP Certification, 1993-2000

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Project Management Software

By 2001, there were hundreds of different products to assist in performing project management Three main categories of tools:
Low-end tools: Handle single or smaller projects well, cost under $200 per user Midrange tools: Handle multiple projects and users, cost $200-500 per user, Project 2000 most popular High-end tools: Also called enterprise project management software, often licensed on a per-user basis
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You Can Apply Project Management to Many Areas

Project management applies to work as well as personal projects Project management applies to many different disciplines (IT, construction, finance, sports, event planning, etc.) Project management skills can help in everyday life
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Summary
Project and project management definition
unique purpose, temporary, require resources, sponsor support and involve uncertainty

Motivation of studying PM
IT Projects have a terrible track record The need for IT projects keeps increasing

Advantages of using formal PM

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. (financial, physical, and human) 6. 7. Improved customer relations 8. Shorter development times 9. Lower costs Chapter 1 10.

Better control of resources

Higher quality Increased reliability Higher profit margins Improved productivity Better internal coordination Higher worker morale

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Summary (2)
Triple Constraint of PM
time, costs and scope

Project Management Framework

stakeholder input => 9 PM knowledge areas => other tools and techniques => success project

9 Project Management Knowledge Areas

core: scope, time, cost, quality facilitating: HR, communication, risk, procurement integration

Project Management Profession

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