Workshop 3 Presentation 12212011

NOVA Medical Documentation
WORKSHOP
SERIES
COMMON ERRORS IN ACADEMIC WRITING
7 7 Common Writing Errors

Academic | Scientific | Technical | Medical
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Challenge 1
Not using the definite article the before the names of body parts and structures.
the
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Exampl e The region of interest was set such that it included aorta.
The region of interest was set such that it included the aorta.
Correct this challenge by inserting the before the name of the body structure. the
Another Example
In this study, we performed MRIs for investigating the congenital deformities of uterus .
In this study, we performed MRIs for investigating the congenital deformities of the uterus .
the
We performed MRIs for investigating the congenital deformities of the uterus , ovaries , and fallopian tubes.
Value-add
We performed MRIs for investigating the congenital deformities of the uterus, the ovaries, and the fallopian tubes.
Joe Prieto Joe Joe NOVA Technical Consulting NOVAMD Operations Director
Presenter:
Joe Prieto
Operations Director
Daniel 2010 Daniel Editing Production Manager General Manager Edanz Daniel /
Presenter:
Daniel Boles
Managing Editor
Challenge 2
Using a plural verb with a spelled-out section of measurement.

Exampl e
Fifty milligrams of the pulverized crude drug was mixed with 100mL of the solvent. Fifty milligrams of the pulverized crude drug were mixed with 100mL of the solvent.
Correct this challenge by using the singular form of the verb.
Note
Although milligrams end in an s, a singular verb must be used because measurement units are treated as singular collective nouns. milligrams s
Another Example
Twenty milliliters of blood were drawn from the affected and unaffected (control) individuals.
Twenty milliliters of blood was drawn from the affected and unaffected (control) individuals.
Challenge 3
Using the past tense for intext reference to figures and tables.
Exampl e
The baseline characteristics of all the subjects were summarized in Table 1. The baseline characteristics of all the subjects are summarized in Table 1.
Correct this challenge by using the present tense.

Another Example
Figure 4-a shows the relationship between age and incidence of dementia.
Figure 4-a showed the relationship between age and incidence of dementia.
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Challenge 4
Placing a hyphen in a compound adjective when the first word is an adverb ending in ly. ly -
Exampl e
We developed a fully automated method that estimates the position of the diaphragm. We developed a fully automated method that estimates the position of the diaphragm.
Correct this challenge by not inserting a hyphen.

Note
A compound adjective is formed when two or more words jointly describe a single noun. For example, the words drug and induced in the phrase drug-induced reaction, jointly describe the noun reaction and form a compound adjective. drug induced reaction drug induced reaction
Another Example
The surgically removed tissue specimen was then subjected to histopathological examination.
The surgically - removed tissue specimen was then subjected to histopathological examination
Challenge 5
Placing a comma before but also in a sentence containing the correlative conjunction not only...but also. not only but also but also
Exampl e
We observed that poor drug efficiency was due to not only lack of absorption, but also increased clearance. We observed that poor drug efficiency was due to not only lack of absorption but also increased clearance.
Correct this challenge by not inserting a comma before but also. but also
Note Correlative
conjunctions appear in pairs (not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, and both...and). These conjunctive pairs are used when there is a continuous flow of ideas. A comma signifies a pause in the line of thinking; hence, no comma should be used to separate the elements joined by correlative conjunctions.
not only...but also; either...or; neither...nor; and both...and
Another Example
Radiotherapy is valuable not only in reducing the number of courses of chemotherapy, but also in producing superior overall survival.
Radiotherapy is valuable not only in reducing the number of courses of chemotherapy but also in producing superior overall survival.
Challenge 6
Using the phrase patient was diagnosed as.

patient was diagnosed as
Exampl e
The patient was diagnosed as malignant hypertension and diabetes after a battery of tests. The patient was diagnosed with malignant hypertension and diabetes after a battery of tests.
Correct this challenge by replacing as with the term with.
with as
Note
The word diagnosis refers to identifying and confirming the presence of a disease condition in a patient; therefore, a patient cannot be diagnosed as a disease but can be diagnosed with a disease or a disease can be diagnosed in a patient. Diagnosis diagnosed as a disease diagnosed with a disease
Another Example
The surgical repair for patients diagnosed as inguinal hernia was scheduled irrespective of their age or body weight.
The surgical repair for patients diagnosed with inguinal hernia was scheduled irrespective of their age or body weight.
Challenge 7
Using the verb administrate while referring to the act of providing a drug or therapy.
administrate /
Exampl e
Standard heparin was administered daily by continuous intravenous infusion to maintain a stable clotting time.
Standard heparin was administrated daily by continuous intravenous infusion to maintain a stable clotting time.
Correct this challenge by replacing administrated with administered .

administered administrated
Note
The verb administrate implies managing and controlling, whereas the verb administer implies dispensing or providing. However, the noun form of both these verbs is the same, that is, administration. For example, the administration of aspirin showed excellent improvement. Administrate administer administration the administration of aspirin showed excellent improvement
Another Example
This drug is administrated intravenously at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 4-5 consecutive days.
This drug is administered intravenously at a dosage of 5 mg/day for 4-5 consecutive days.
WORKSHOP
SERIES
COMMON ERRORS IN ACADEMIC WRITING
W r i t i n g a n I n o d u c t i o n tr
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Your introduction must answer these questions :
1.What is your research problem? 2. 3.What is the context of your research problem?
Objectives of Your Introduction
1.Describe your research problem. 2.Summarize previous research for context. 3.Define terms and keywords to be used throughout your paper. 4.Define the theoretical concepts that will assist your reader, reviewers, and editor-in-chief to understand your research.
The Structure of your introduction
General Information
Introductions are structured like an upside down triangle. The widest part is at the top, indicating a structure for the information of your research that starts from the general and moves towards the specific.
Specifi c
Structure of your introduction

The more general aspects of your research need to : 1.be presented early in your introduction
2. 3.
4.focusing in on specific information needed for reader, reviewers, and editor-in-chief in understanding the context of your research.
By the end of this section , you should have provided : 1.the purpose, 2.rationale, 3.and previous literature to place your research question within the context of your field or sub-field of your study.
Structure of your introduction
1.A reverse engineering strategy write how you want your introduction to end 2.Determine specifics . 3.Plan the generalities of your research.
Your introduction must :
1.alert the interest of your reader; 2.act as a guide to the scope and direction of your paper. 3.identify the focus of your paper 4.show the reader how you will analyze and approach your research 5.provide background information to indicate the context of your research 6.identify your results, viewpoints, and conclusions
Research problem
1.Clearly identifying the subject areas of interest. 2.Begin using and defining your keywords and terms. 3.Set the tone and style to be used throughout your research paper .
You must summarize: 1. the relevant research 2. previous literature The reasons for this are to clarify: 1. Context 2. Keywords and important terms 3. Theoretical concepts
Research problem
Summarizing what is currently known about your research problem before presenting your experiment, data, and/ or theoretical underpinnings so that the reader will understand your research. This must be done with the literature review, but you must not include specific or lengthy explanations that you will use in your discussion section.
your research purpose/hypothesis by focusing your literature review from
Research problem
Present the more general elements of the topic early in your introduction, and then focus on specific research information for context. Finally, provide your statement of purpose and rationale.
Writing out your introduction backwards is a good way to get start
Research problem
Begin with the specific purpose and then decide the context in which you ask your studys questions. After deciding the context, you will know the levels and types of general information to start your Introduction.
Avoid using passive voice and contractions in your writing. Define problems and constraints in your research.
Research problem
Already known information about the problem is critical for summarizing your research before presenting your research and your methods. A general review of relevant literature must not include specific or lengthy explanation that you will discuss in detail in the later discussion section of your paper.
statement of purpose/hypothesis by focusing your literature review from the general conte
General Aspects of Your Research You must establish the importance of the general aspects of the research. Use examples such as:
Use examples such as : One of the most significant productivity improvements in Reports such as these make it increasingly difficult to ignore the tremendous impact atmospheric aerosols have on the leading cause of late failure of clinical corneal grafts is ... ... whether they have looked at institutions of learning as contexts, learning has become a central issue... X has become a central issue for Y

Emphasize Time Alternatively, you can begin by emphasizing time.
Use examples such as :
Increasing incidence in renal allograft recipients transplanted in recent years , because ... Recent developments in Fe3Al-based alloys ... Material cultural researchers have shown recent interest in remodeling since
Literature Review
Use general descriptions for relevant previous literature .
Use examples such as : The primary purpose of this literature review is to update a previous literature review on ... The first serious discussions and analysis of mathematical immunology were based on ... Previous research on anaerobic granulation showed that ...
Literature Review Use a general reference to previous research .
Use examples such as :
Numerous experimental studies have attempted to explain the mechanism of unfolding of proteins in aqueous urea solutions for ... ( Jensen et al , 2011 ) ( Tims , 2008 ) ( Blackmore , 2009 ) . Although few data are available for tropical ecosystems, recent evidence suggests that tropical rain forests and forest soils may be ... ( Austin , 1999 ) ( Hicks , 2011 ) ( Carlin , 2001 ) . The final type of research methodology is expert surveys such as that conducted by Ray ( 1999 ) and Hooghe et al . ( 2001 ) .
Literature Review Use general references to the current state knowledge and research in your field / sub - field . of
Use examples such as : For instance , not only do we need to know whether a relationship exists between self-measures and performance/achievement One of the most intense reactions observed with Llactate ...
Literature Review
Explain keywords and important terms . Use examples such as : While a variety of definitions of the term psychoeducation have been suggested, this study uses the definition suggested by Colom and Lam (2005) who defined it as a Throughout this paper , the term 'malignant hypertension' is restricted to the malignant form of essential hypertension. This Article uses the acronym CMI not only to save space, but also as a reminder that "current monthly income" is a specially defined term , whose meaning varies from what its component words suggest.
Literature Review Use general keyword and important meanings / application of meanings .
Use examples such as : The definition of `Moore's Law' has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that It is also equally clear that the term 'endocrine disruption' has been applied to situations where the biological basis is far from conclusive. In a fuzzy environment a decision can be defined as follows ...
Literature Review
Use simple three - part definitions .
Use examples such as : Organizational structuring is defined as
the sum total of the ways
in which an organization divides and coordinates its labor into distinct tasks.
An image of an object may be defined as
a graphical representation
of the spatial distribution of one or more of its properties.
Medical staff in clinical oncology are inclined to state that the patients are 'denying', and 'denial' is a commonly used concept
in research literature
covering how cancer patients deal with their strain.

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Indicate Challenges to defining terms . Use examples such as : We compared the prognostic importance of various definitions of worsening renal function in 1,002 patients hospitalized for congestive heart failure (CHF). It is difficult to define precisely the term 'good view' in computer graphics. Beyond the basic matter of deciding on the nature and timing of signals, there are a variety of requirements for communication between two parties that might be collected under the term exchange management.
Refer to other researchers definitions of keywords and terms . Use examples such as : Von Guttenberg ( 1943 ) was apparently the first to use the term "endodermoid" for the endodermis of stems wherein the Casparian strip and suberin lamellae are not developed. The possibility for such mutations has been suggested by Johnson, Eyring, and Polissar (1972) who wrote that a genetic study of pressure-treated germ cells during the process of iiiaturation might reveal interesting mutations. A rehabilitation facility, according to a definition provided by Medicare, is one that serves an inpatient population of which at least 75% require intensive rehabilitation senices.
Refer to other researchers definitions of keywords and terms . Another examples are : In Russian and other eastern European literature, the term 'extensity' is used for this concept ... The extent to which Cannon (1974) previously had used the term 'stress' in a physiological sense also appears not to be generally recognized at present. Product-based quality means or refers to amounts of specific attributes or ingredients of a product.
Use general topic classifications . Use examples such as : Cell death is generally classified into two large categories: apoptosis represents active, programmed cell death, while necrosis represents passive cell death without underlying regulatory mechanisms. The terms 'opioid-responsive-pain' and 'opioid-non-responsive pain', or 'opioid-resistant-pain' have been used to differentiate between patients whose pain falls into these two broad groups. In the development setting, computational approaches to estimate solubility are critically reviewed based on ...
Use specific topic classifications . Use examples such as : Economist William J. Baumol has argued that there are two broad categories of entrepreneurial activity, productive and unproductive. Productive entrepreneurship involves maximizing ... This work found that there were two basic clusters of traits, warmth-expressiveness and competence, that could be associated with women and men ...
Introduce a list of factors . Use examples such as : There are three reasons why randomized trials in many areas of health care may have low external validity These are : (1) chemical composition : a preliminary survey; (2) atmospheric behavior as interpreted by physics; (3 ) photochemistry and kinetics applied to atmospheres; (4) ozone in Earth's stratosphere; (5) the Earth's troposphere; (6) ions in the atmosphere; (7) the airglow;
Introduce a list of factors . Another examples are : For example, the hypergeometric distribution, which describes a situation in which there are two outcomes to an experiment, labelled P (successful ) and Q (failure), and where samples are drawn from a ... Considering the disadvantages of the new approach listed above, we see that the additional information required is either already available as a regularly transmitted signal level and SIR data or is foreseen for future 3G releases as in the case of terminal location determination.
Refer to other researchers lists of factors . Use examples such as : This work suggested three conditions for the development of entrainment instability. Undersized fawns that failed to walk, and starvation were listed as the major causes of mortality (45.3% of all deaths), while dystocia , infection , misadventure , abnormality , anteparturient death and unexplained categories accounted for the remainder. Based on the reviews in Wheeler and Meier (2000), it can be argued that there are three broad categories of species concept: the taxonomic, which is usually based on morphology and therefore often confused with the morphological species concept; the evolutionary ...
In Summary, remember to make sure that you have:
avoided using the passive voice by favoring the active voice.
structured your introduction from the general to the specific.
made your research problem interesting enough to alert your reader and attract your their interest.
included your literature review.
clearly identified your keywords and important terms for the entire paper.
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NOVA Medical Documentation

COMMON ERRORS IN ACADEMIC WRITING

7 7 Common Writing Errors

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Using a plural verb with a spelled-out section of measurement.

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Correct this challenge by using the singular form of the verb.

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Correct this challenge by using the present tense.

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Correct this challenge by not inserting a hyphen.

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Using the phrase patient was diagnosed as.

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Correct this challenge by replacing as with the term with.

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Correct this challenge by replacing administrated with administered .

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COMMON ERRORS IN ACADEMIC WRITING

Your introduction must answer these questions :

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Objectives of Your Introduction

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The Structure of your introduction

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Structure of your introduction

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Structure of your introduction

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Your introduction must :

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your research purpose/hypothesis by focusing your literature review from

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Writing out your introduction backwards is a good way to get start

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Emphasize Time Alternatively, you can begin by emphasizing time.

Use examples such as :

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Use general descriptions for relevant previous literature .

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Literature Review Use a general reference to previous research .

Use examples such as :

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Use simple three - part definitions .

Use examples such as : Organizational structuring is defined as

the sum total of the ways

An image of an object may be defined as

of the spatial distribution of one or more of its properties.

covering how cancer patients deal with their strain.

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