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Nous allons parler des antennes (ou ariens), dispositifs permettant la transposition dune nergie guide en un champ lectromagntique rayonn en espace libre (ou inversement). Il existe une multitude de types dantennes, de tailles et de formes trs diverses, aux modes de fonctionnement plus ou moins complexes. Nous allons dfinir les caractristiques et proprits communes ces diffrents dispositifs ainsi que leurs domaines dapplications.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 2
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TV terrestre 500 MHz Systmes satellites 1 45 GHz (Ex : Tlvision 12 GHz, GPS 1.5 GHz)
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 3
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Navire militaire
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Miroir sphrique fixe, d'axe nord-sud (hauteur 35 m, longueur 300 m, prcision de surface 3 mm; rayon 560 m)
5
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1GW 1MW
1KW 1W 1mW
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Puissance Isotrope
Ampli terre
Ampli
Signal de sortie
Signal capt
synth fo
Partie rception :
antenne duplex ampli LNA synth fi Dmod ampli Dcod signal utile
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canal radio
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num/analog
analog/num
Propagation guide
Propagation guide
canal radio Les botiers contenant llectronique sont relis aux antennes via des lignes ou cbles (feeders). Dun point de vue traitement du signal, lensemble des dformations de londe engendres par la propagation guide+libre forme le canal radio.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 10
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O se perd lnergie ?
attnuation, dispersion attnuation, dispersion
Milieu de propagation
dsadaptation
dsadaptation
Rflexions, diffractions, trajets multiples, obstacles, diffusion, vanouissement, AEL, conditions mtos... Et tous ces paramtres varient en fonction de la frquence, du temps et mme de la polarisation de londe.
Guillaume VILLEMAUD Cours dAntennes 11
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Domaines abords
Pour comprendre les phnomnes rgissant le fonctionnement des antennes ainsi que leur intgration dans un systme de communication, les pr-requis sont : des connaissances de base de llectromagntisme (quations de Maxwell, propagation des ondes EM...); la bonne comprhension des principes des lignes de transmission et surtout de ladaptation en impdance des systmes (ondes progressives, ondes stationnaires...); savoir prendre du recul : les antennes reprsentent une application pratique des quations de Maxwell o lon peut voir les phnomnes physiques sans rester purement dans les calculs thoriques.
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Plan dtaill
10h de cours : 8h (G. Villemaud) + 2h (J.M. Gorce) Antennes et Propagation 3 grandes parties : Modlisation (application GSM) Principes des antennes Caractristiques des antennes Diffrents types dantennes
Principes des antennes : Passage propagation guide/espace libre Le champ EM et les zones de rayonnement Le doublet lmentaire Les thormes fondamentaux Notion de front donde La polarisation
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Plan dtaill
Caractristiques des antennes : Impdance dentre / notion de circuit Fonction caractristique de rayonnement Puissance rayonne Directivit et gain Bilan de liaison
Types dantennes : Antennes filaires Antennes fentes Antennes patchs Antennes rflecteur Mise en rseau
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