Gas Transmission & Distribution

Arman Abdullah
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

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General Terms
Transmission pipeline pipeline installed for the purposed of transmitting gas from a source or source of supply to one or more distribution centers or to one ore more large volume customer Distribution pipeline- pipeline installed for one or more customer/ branch of the transmission pipeline Service line pipeline installed only for one customer/ branch of the distribution pipeline Operating company the individual, cooperation , public agency or other entity that operate the gas transmission & distribution pipeline i.e Petronas Gas Bhd, Gas Malaysia S/B & Sabah Energy S/B. Right-of way land owned by the operating company due to the gas pipeline.

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Worlds from the Wise

There is no easy road to learning and success. Your future and your successful live depend on the work and effort that you do.

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Gas Transmission Pipeline (PGU)

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Schematic for Transmission & Distribution

Sistem Penghantaran Sistem Pengagihan

GPP Kepala Telaga

'City Gate'

Stesyen Serbis Stesyen Serbis

Pengguna Industri Pengguna Domestik

Stesyen Daerah Telaga Gas Stesyen Pemampat

Stesyen Kawasan

Stesyen Serbis

Pengguna Domestik

Catatan : GPP = Logi Pemprosesan Gas

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NAT. GAS DISTRIBUTION / RETICULATION SYSTEM

M Internal Piping > 20 psig
Equipment Appliances

Service Station

M T n s m e

Internal Piping 20 psig

Equipment Appliances

Service Station
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL

Odoriser City Gate Feeder Line 260 psig Internal Piping M 300 Meter mmH20 Area Station M Internal Piping M 3000 mmH 0 M Regulating Station 2

DS

Distribution Line psig 60

District Station

Multiple End users M M M Internal Piping Single 3000 mmH20 Development

Service Station

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Materials & Components for Pipeline

Steel Pipe Manufacturing process  Steel pipes available in the market normally classified by manufacturing process:  Producing have their own standard specification i.e ASTM, BS, JIS DIN, API etc.  Commonly used in petroleum industry are API and ASTM 1. Electric Resistance Welded Pipe (ERW)    this pipe is produced in individual length or in continuous lengths from coiled having a longitudinal butt joint typical spec : ASTMA53 , ASTMA135 etc
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2. ERW Electric Fusion Welded pipe     Having a longitudinal butt joint performed tube by manual or automatic electric arc welding the weld may be single or double and may be made with or without use of filler metal Typical application are: ASTM A134, ASTM A139, ASTM A671 Spiral welded pipe also made by the electricfusion welded process with either a butt joint, a lap joint or a lock seam joint Typical spec: ASME A134, ASTM A139 API 5LS

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3. Seamless pipe      this is a wrought tubular product made without a welded seam. it is manufactured by hot working steel or if necessary cold finishing the commonly and widely use pipe due the good quality and easy to joint and able to use in HDD the price is high due to the cost of manufacturing typical spec: API 5L, API 5LX, ASTM A53, ASTM A106

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Steel Piping System Design Requirements

 In Design of any piping System the following basic criteria must be full filled: i) The piping system should have sufficient life time at internal and external load i.e 20 years or 30 years of operations. ii) Materials should be strong enough to be handled i.e carbon steel, GI pipe, stainless steel, Plastic pipe etc, steel pipe calculate by the carbon content iii) In case of failures damage should be limited -reliability of the pipe materials iv) Investment as low as possible - cost of investment i.e stainless steel or copper pipe
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Steel Pipe Design Formula ( ANSI B31.8)

The design pressure for steel gas piping system or the nominal wall thickness for a given design pressure. It can be determine by the following formula: P = 2St F x E x T D Where : P = Design Pressure , Psig S= SMYS psi (refer table ) D = Nominal outside diameter of pipe , Inch t = nominal wall thickness , Inch F = Construction type design factor (refer table) E = Longitudinal joint factor (refer table) T = Temperature derating factor (refer table)
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i) ii)

Design Limitation

P for furnace butt welded pipe shall not exceed 60 % at the mill test pressure P shall not exceed 85 % at the mill test pressure for all other pipes provided.

iii) Transportation installation or repair of the pipe shall not reduce the wall thickness at any point to a thickness less than 90% iv) In determining t consideration shall also be given to other loading such as soil loading, transport and handling loading weight of water during test.

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Plastic Pipe

Plastic pipe was introduce for gas distribution system more than 30 years ago. For low pressure distribution system plastic pipes could offer overall advantage as compare steel piping i.e: a) Low investment cost b) Corrosion resistance c) Light in weight and easily coiled d) Easy to joint e) Reduce installation time

 

Currently types of plastic that were widely being used for gas is polyethylene ( P.E), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Polyamide (nylon) But most popular for Malaysian gas industry is PE

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In years come there will be more new plastic pipe being introduced to the market as long as it meets the following criteria: i) Long term strength ii) Impact strength iii) Chemical resistance iv) Temperature resistance v) Impermeability vi) Pipe attributes ability to - Heat fuse for joining - Coil for ease of handling - Squeeze off for pressure control - Flexibility for HDD and bending
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Design of Plastic Piping

Plastic pipe was introduce for gas distribution system more than 30 years ago. For low pressure distribution system plastic pipes could offer overall advantage as compare steel piping i.e: a) Low investment cost b) Corrosion resistance c) Light in weight and easily coiled d) Easy to joint e) Reduce installation time

 

Currently types of plastic that were widely being used for gas is polyethylene ( P.E), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Polyamide (nylon) But most popular for Malaysian gas industry is PE

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Design of Plastic piping( ANSI B31.8)

Provision in ANSI B 31.8 are intended to limit the use of plastic piping primary to mains and services line typical distribution system operating at pressure of 100 psi or less. Design Formula The design formula for plastic pipe as follow:

 

P = t / 2S(D-t) x 0.32 Where : P = design pressure psig S= for thermoplastic and tubing long term hydrostatic strength (refer table) t = specified wall thickness D = outside diameter

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Thermoplastic Design Limitation

The design pressure shall not exceed 100 psig Thermoplastic pipe and fitting shall not be used where the operating temperature of the material will be : i) ii) Below 20 F Above the temperature at which the long term hydrostatic strenght used in the design formula.

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Joint Requirements for Plastic Pipe

Pipe or tubing shall not be threaded Solvent cement joints adhesive joint and heat fusion joint shall be made in accordance with qualified procedures which has been established and proven by test to produce gas tight joint at least as strong as the pipe or tubing being joint. There are 3 method of heat jointing that currently are being used for PE a) Butt fusion b) Socket fusion c) Electrofusion

Butt Fusion    The earliest technique know to joint P.E that gives satisfactory performance. Using the two ends of the pipe to be jointed is heated up using the hot plate and fused together by applying some pressure. This technique require skill and commitment operator
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Socket Fusion The two ends are joint together by a socket made of the same or compatible material. The external wall area of the two pipes and the internal wall area of socket are heated by using specially designed heated tool. This technique the secondary parameter which are necessary to make good joint could be controlled to a certain extent. Required a good roundness of pipe and precision alignment to get a good result.

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Electrofusion Work on the principles of heating coil welding or fusion. Single heating coil is incorporated in the interior of the socket with the ends passing through the wall of the socket for connect to the welding machine. When the electric current is applied heat is generated in the coil which being directly adjacent to the contact surface of the fitting and pipe. This results in the fitting being reliably and permanently welded to the pipe in the shortest possible time. The heating coil is permanently embedded in the P.E material to provided additional strength against the effect of internal pressure. Electrofusion eliminates greatly the need of skillfull and dedicated welders to get the joint. 20
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Standard Dimension Ratio SDR

The Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) system enables the user to select a number of different sizes of pipe for piping system all of which will have the same design pressure. When plastic material of the same design strengths are used, the same SDR may be used for all sizes of pipes instead of calculating a value of t for each size. SDR = Average specified outside diameter Minimum specified wall thickness Hence Substituting SDR to plastic pipe design formula as per ANSI B31.8

= t / 2S (SDRt t) x 0.32 = 2S x 0.32 / (SDR-1)

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