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COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING

NUMERICAL CONTROL

A Definition:
Numerical Control is a system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at least some portion of the data

NUMERICAL DATA (NC CODE)

MANUFACTURING OPERATOR

NUMERICAL CONTROLLER
Drive Control

PROCESSED PART MACHINE UNIT

Types of Numerical Control

Conventional Numerical Control (NC) Direct Numerical Control (DNC) Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

Conventional Numerical Control (NC)

Data is sent to the machine tool by means of punch cards or tapes. The reader at the machine performs no calculations or interpolations.

Direct Numeric Control (DNC)

Is a method where a single computer controls many numerical control machine tools. These machine tools may or may not be of a similar nature

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

The idea of computer numerical control is to position a computer right at the machine tool. Most, if not all machine tools that are numericaly controlled are CNC machine tools.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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Advantages
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Reduces time for delivery of part Reduces scrap rate of material Reduces tooling costs Reduces layout time Increases machine and tool life

o o

Reduces storage problems Less setup time Reduces actual machining time Allows rapid design changes in part Less jigs and fixtures are needed

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NC Programming Fundamentals

or how to put the GO in your G-codes

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NC Part Programming

Linear tool motion (Milling) relative to the part

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Example: A Milling Operation

NC CODE (Word Address Format) N50 N55 N60 N65 N70 N75 N80 N85 N90 G00 X15 Y12.5 Z0 M03 G01 Z-2.5 F500 M08 G01 X50 G01 Y45 G01 X15 G01 Y12.5 G00 Z0 M09 Z G79 M04 SPINDLE STOP ! SPINDLE STARTED !

Y X

(0,0,0)

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Basics of NC Part Programming

it is always assumed that the tool moves relative to the work piece no matter what the real situation is. The position of the tool is described by using a Cartesian coordinate system. If (0,0,0) position can be described by the operator, then it is called floating zero.

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Preparatory Functions (G Codes)

Tool motion
Rapid traverse G00
Positioning command Moves the tool at a rapid feed rate to a specific XYZ coordinate Takes the shortest route to reach the specified point

Format
G00 Xx Yy Zz

G-codes

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Linear Interpolation
Moves the tool from its current position to a specific XYZ coordinate at a specified feed rate Format
G01 Xx Yy Zz ff

G-codes

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Linear Interpolation

G-codes

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Circular Interpolations
Moves a tool around a circular arc to a specific XYZ coordinate
Requires 5 pieces of information
Plane selection Arc start point Rotation direction Arc end point Arc center or arc radius

G-codes

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Circular Interpolations
G02 circular interpolation clockwise around an arc G03 circular interpolation counter clockwise around an arc

G-codes

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How You Tell Directions

The direction for G02 can be determined by rotating from the positive axes towards the negative axes. The direction for a G03 is exactly opposite

G-codes

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Still Going in Circles

basic methods
Radius method
(G02,G03) Xx Yy Rr Ff (on the XY plane)

G-codes

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Radius Method
Requires two entry parameters in the command the XYZ end point of the arc and the radius R G02/G03 Xx Yy Zz Rr

G-codes

23 G90 M3 S2000 ; G90 -absolute coordinate ; M3 - spindle ON ; S - RPM G0 X0 Y0 Z10 ;G0- rapid movement X10 Y5 Z2 X5 G1 Z-2 F100 y40 ;G1- linear movement ;F- feed X80 F200 X10 Y40 Y5 x80 Y40 x45 y45 x10 y40 X5 x80 y10 x80 y5 g0 z10 x0y0 M30 ; Spindle off G-codes X45 y45

X80 y40

X80 y10

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G-codes

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Quiz

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Homework #1 - Due date: March 10th

Z=-2 Tool Diameter = 0.5 mm

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CNC Pro-Light 1000 Machine

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G-codes

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Spindle On/Off Vice Open/Close

E-stop

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1- Machine Home

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2- Reference Point

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3. Set position

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4- Run