Vishal Garg Jyotirmay Mathur Srishti Srivastava Surekha Tetali.

Centre for IT in Building Science, IIIT Hyderabad, India.

IMPACT OF GLAZING ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The Concept
Window provides daylight which acts as a positive character in reducing the artificial lighting demand during the daytime, Higher Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) leads to
saving lighting energy increases the air conditioning loads (due to ingress of heat along with lighting) Lighting energy HVAC energy In hot climatic conditions, any Window opening brings in heat along with Daylight
Leads to

Increases the load on HVAC thus Energy Consumption increases

The Situation
1. Building energy simulations were performed using the Visual DOE 4.0 simulation program. 2. The building material properties were according to ASHRAE recommendations
[WWR is limited

Three variables considered

Glazing type Strategy WWR

to 40 percent for the aid to designers]

Glazing type
India

Strategy
Chennai, a metropolitan city in southern India (13 04' N, 80 17' E)

WWR

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

INPUT PARAMETERS
Key Input Parameters
(common across all cases)

Table 1

About Chennai
Climate- Tropical wet and dry climate, hot and humid for most of the year Annual Temperature variation--- 15.8oC to 45oC Annual Rainfall --- 1,300 mm (approx) Located on the east coast (port city)

Geometry Dimension(ft) 130x130 Perimeter depth(ft) 15 Floor to floor height(ft) 12 Number of floors 1 WWR varies Self Shading Yes Material Roof U value(Btu/sq ft h F) 0.063 Roof U value(Btu/sq ft h F) 0.124 Roof U value(Btu/sq ft h F) 0.35 Roof U value(Btu/sq ft h F) varies Glass SHGC varies HVAC System Type Packaged single zone Supply Fan Type Constant 2" high efficiency Static pressure(inch in water) 2 Fan control Constant Supply Fan Off hours Control Stay Off Cooling EER 10.239 Heating type Default Day Lighting Day Lighting Control Dimming Number 1 Control Fraction 1 Illuminance 50 fc Minimum power fraction 0.1 Minimum light fraction 0.1

Glazing Types (8 variations)

Window Code D224116 D253918 D250428 S281352 D366217 S475556 S858569 S253969 SHGC 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.36 0.47 0.85 0.25 Vlt 0.41 0.39 0.04 0.13 0.62 0.55 0.85 0.39 U-value

Table 2
Glazing Commercial Name 1.6 Stop Ray 1.8 SG Olive 2.8 SG Dark Grey 5.2 Tranquil Blue 1.7 Mint Green 5.6 SG Emerald Glaze 6.9 General Clear 6.9 Base Case S-Single/Double glazed 25-SHGC 39-VLT 69-U-Value

What do the codes represent? Example- S253969

Strategies (4 variations)
Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4

Table 3

Without Controls, Without Shading Without Controls, With Shading With Controls, Without Shading With Controls, With Shading

If the designer knows which strategy suits best for him and the glazing type, he can find out the WWR for best performance
1/15/2012 Srishti Srivastava IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

PERFORMANCE DRIVERS
1. Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) to minimize artificial lighting 2. Total Heat Gain
Total heat gain is the sum of heat gain due to direct solar radiation denoted by solar heat gain coefficient and heat gain due to temperature difference denoted by U Value

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

VLT indicates the amount of visible light transmitted through the glass. It affects energy by providing daylight that creates the opportunity to reduce electric lighting and its associated cooling loads Heat Gain on the inside of the building due to direct solar radiation incident on glass is measured through the SHGC of glass
SHGC : Is the sum of percentage of incident solar energy directly transmitted and incident solar energy absorbed and re-emitted inside SHGC= (b+e)/a

U-Value
Heat Gain due to temperature difference is expressed by U Value of a glass
U Value: Amount of heat transferred (lost/gain). Due to a temperature differential of 1oC between inside & outside, per square meter

1#
(a) Incident Solar Radiation Light Incident Light Transmitted Light Reflected (External) (c) reflected energy (d) re-emitted energy

2#

Area = 1m2 U= 5.7 W/sqm K (b) directly transmitted energy Outside: T1 = 25oC

Inside: T2 = 24oC

(e) re-emitted energy

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

4 4

ANALYSIS: STRATEGY-1

Minimum energy consumption is for 0 WWR

Till 40WWR Energy consumption for only 3 types were greater than the base case (S858569,
S4755556, D366217, S281352)

After 40WWR--Energy consumption for all windows is greater than base case

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

ANALYSIS: STRATEGY-2

Minimum energy consumptio n is for 0 WWR

The slope of the lines has reduced as compared to Strategy -1

In hot climatic conditions, any Window opening brings in heat along with Daylight which in turn increases the load on HVAC , thereby increasing the Energy Consumption

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

ANALYSIS: STRATEGY-3

All glazing types, except D250428, are performing in a similar manner --Showing a dip and then rising up again

Once the savings achieved by the daylight sensor freezes and the SHGC acts upon, the slope of each window, with increasing WWR, is similar to that of windows in Strategy 1.

The saving clearly depends on the LSG ratio, as this ratio increases, the savings too increase.
1/15/2012 Srishti Srivastava IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

ANALYSIS: STRATEGY-4

All the windows except S858569 (where Consumption is higher after 30 % WWR), perform better than the Base Case window for all WWR.

For smaller window wall ratios, the effect of sensor is more than the effect of SHGC and hence smaller the WWR, more is the decrease in consumption

The diffused lighting which comes in after the building is shaded is more effective than the direct sunlight penetrating into the building through the windows.
1/15/2012 Srishti Srivastava IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

CONCLUSION

The simulation results indicate that, if an integrated approach for providing shading is used in conjunction with controllable electric lighting systems, substantial reduction of energy demand for cooling and lighting could be achieved in perimeter spaces, depending on Climatic conditions and orientation.

It is better to have controls as it gives more savings when compared to having shading., day light is more effective (lumen/watt) than the artificial lighting. A building with good external shading and daylight sensors, a high SHGC and high VLT glazing with much more than 40% window to wall ratio can also outperform the base case of ASHRAE 90.1 with 40% WWR.

Buildings with glazed facades can also meet ASHRAE 90.1 requirements without use of high performance glazing and with use of shading and control strategy.

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

Contact Details: vishal@iiit.ac.in vishal.iiit@gmail.com

1/15/2012

Srishti Srivastava

IIIT , Hyderabad, India.

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