Lecture 33 - Long Columns

November 18, 2002 CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Slender Column Design

Columns
Slenderness ratio =

klu r

Long with a relatively high slenderness ratio where lateral or shear walls are required Long with a medium slenderness ration that will cause a reduction in strength Short where the slenderness ratio is small

Long Columns
Slender Columns Slender Column = Column with a significant reduction in axial load capacity due to moments resulting from lateral deflections of the column (ACI Code: significant reduction u 5%)

Long Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or sway frames would be classified as slender following ACI Code Procedure.

Effective Length
The effective length - klu lu - It measures the clear distance between floors. k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance between points of zero moments in the columns

K Factor
EI / l of columns ]! EI / l of beams
u u

=A and =B are the top and bottom factors of the column. For a hinged end = is infinite or 10 and for a fixed end = is zero or 1

K Factor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

! 0.70  0.05 = A  = B e 1.0 k k ! smaller of k ! 0.85  0.05= min e 1.0

=A and =B are the top and bottom factors of the column.

K Factor
For a Sway Frame: a) Restrained @both ends if = m ! = avg 20  = m 2.0 : k ! 1 =m 20

if = m u 2.0 : k ! 0.9 1  = m b) One hinged or free end

k ! 2.0  0.3=
Non-sway frames: 0 e k e 1.0 Sway frames:

1.0 e k e g

typically k=1.5

K Factor
The general assumptions are - Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames - The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns according to their relative stiffness - All columns reach their critical loads at the same time

General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity

Ec ! 33w1.5 f c ! 57000 f c Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1) I ! 0.35 I g for a beam I ! 0.70 I g for a column

General Formulation
Area

A ! Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + Fd) with sustain lateral loads Max. factored sustain lateral load Fd = Max. factored axial load

K Factor
Use the = values to obtain the K factors for the columns.

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

Lateral deflection increases moment

M = P*( e + ()

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

(o = first-order deflection due to Mo (a = second-order deflection due to Po

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
OA - curve for end moment OB - curve for maximum column moment @ mid-height) Axial capacity is reduced from A to B due to increase in maximum moment due to (s (slenderness effects)

Long Columns
From ACI Sec. 12.10.2 , the slenderness effects may be neglected if

kLu r ]
slenderness ratio

M 1 ! 34  12 M2

k = effective length factor (function of end restraints) Non-sway frames Sway frames

0.5 e k e 1.0 1 .0 e k e g

Long Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns (a) Pinned-Pinned Connection (b) Fixed-Fixed Connection

Long Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns (c) Fixed-Pinned Connection (d) Partial restrained Connection

Long Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

Long Column - Slenderness Ratio

Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames

Long Column
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor

r = Radius of gyration

I A

= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns = 0.25* overall depth of circular columns

Long Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)

M1 M2

"0

M1 M2

singular curvature

double curvature

Long Columns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range) - single curvature - double curvature
! 0.5 is typically conservative M2 (non-sway frames) and k ! 1.0 M1

Note Code (10.12.2) M1/M2 u -0.5 non-sway frames

Long Column
! 0.5 is typically conservative non - sway frames M2 and k ! 1.0 M1

Note: Code 10.12.2

M1 M2

u 0.5 (non-sway frames)

Possible range of

klu r

= 22 to 40

Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames NonIf the slenderness effects need to be considered. The non-sway magnification factor, Hns, will cause an increase in the magnitude of the design moment.

M c ! H ns M 2
where

Cm H ns ! u 1.0 Pu 1 0.75 Pc

Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames NonThe components of the equation for an Euler bucking load for pin-end column

Pc !

T EI

klu

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

EI !

0.2 Ec I g  Es I se 1  Fd

,
conservatively

EI !

0.4 Ec I g 1  Fd

Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames NonA coefficient factor relating the actual moment diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram. For members without transverse loads

M1 Cm ! 0.6  0.4 u 0.4 M2

For other conditions, such as members with transverse loads between supports, Cm = 1.0

Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames NonThe minimum allowable value of M2 is

M 2,min ! Pu 0.6  0.03h

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text on the components.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsA rectangular braced column of a multistory frame building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the cross section size and reinforcement for this column. Given =A = 1.3 and =B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCompute the factored loads and moments are 80% of the dead loads
Pu ! 1.2 PD  1.6 PL ! 1.2 200 k  1.6 350 k ! 800 k M 1u ! 1.2M D  1.6M L ! 1.2 2500 k-in  1.6 0.8 2500 k-in ! 6200 k-in. M 2u ! 1.2M D  1.6M L ! 1.2 3500 k-in  1.6 0.8 3500 k-in ! 8680 k-in.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCompute the k value for the braced compression members

k ! 0.7  0.05 = A  = B ! 0.7  0.05 1.3  0.9 ! 0.81 e 1.0 k ! 0.85  0.05= min ! 0.85  0.05 0.9 ! 0.895 e 1.0
Therefore, use k = 0.81

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCheck to see if slenderness is going to matter. An initial estimate of the size of the column will be an inch for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.
kln 0.8125 ft 12 in./ft 6200 k-in. ! ! 32.4 u 34  12 ! 25.43 r 0.3 25 in. 8680 k-in.

So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has no side sway, M2 = M2ns, Hs =0 Minimum M2
M 2,min ! Pu 0.6  0.03h ! 800 k 0.6  0.03 25 in. ! 1080 k-in. M 2 ! 8680 k-in.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCompute components of concrete

Ec ! 33w

1.5

f c ! 33 150

1.5

7000

! 5.07x106 psi p 5.07x103 ksi

The moment of inertia is

25 in. 25 in. bh Ig ! ! 12 12 4 ! 32552 in

3

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCompute the stiffness

EI !

0.4 Ec I g 1  Fd

0.4 5.07x103 ksi 32552 in 4 1  0.5

! 4.4x107 k-in 2
The critical load is 2 T 2 4.4x107 k-in 2 T EI Pc ! ! 2 2 klu 0.81 25 ft 12 in.  ft ! 7354.3 k

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCompute the coefficient

M1 6200 k-in. Cm ! 0.6  0.4 ! 0.6  0.4 ! 0.89 u 0.4 8680 k-in. M2
The magnification factor Cm 0.89 H ns ! ! Pu 800 k 1 1 0.75 Pc 0.75 7354.3 k ! 1.04 u 1.0

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe design moment is

M c ! H ns M 2 ! 1.04 8680 k-in. ! 9027.2 k-in.

Therefore the design conditions are

Pc ! 800 k & M c ! 9027.2 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. e ! ! 11.28 in. 800 k

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsAssume that the V = 2.0 % or 0.020

As ! 0.02 25 in. ! 12.5 in

2

Use 14 # 9 bars or 14 in2

As ! 7.0 in Acs ! 7.0 in

2 2

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6. Check the values for c/d = 0.6
c ! 0.6d ! 0.6 22.5 in. ! 13.5 in. a ! F1c ! 0.7 13.5 in. ! 9.45 in.

Check the strain in the tension steel and compression steel. c  dd 13.5 in.  2.5 in. I s1 ! I cu ! 0.003 ! 0.00244 13.5 in. c f cs1 ! EsI s1 ! 29000 ksi 0.00244
! 70.76 ksi f cs1 ! 60 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe tension steel d c 22.5 in.  13.5 in. Is ! I cu ! 0.003 ! 0.002 13.5 in. c fs ! EsI s ! 29000 ksi 0.002 ! 58 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCombined forces

Cc ! 0.85 f cba ! 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 9.45 in. ! 1405.7 k Cs1 ! Acs  f cs  0.85 f c ! 7 in 2 60 ksi  0.85 7 ksi ! 378.35 k T ! As f s ! 7 in ! 406.0 k
2

58 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCombined force

Pn ! Cc  Cs1  T ! 1405.7 k  378.35 k  406.0 k ! 1378.05 k

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsMoment is

h h a h M n ! Cc   Cs1  d d T d  2 2 2 2 9.45 in. ! 1405.7 k 12.5 in.  2 378.35 k 12.5 in.  2.5 in. 406.0 k 22.5 in.  12.5 in. ! 18773 k-in

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe eccentricity is

M n 18773 k-in e! ! Pn 1378.05 k ! 13.62 in.

Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the compression controlled region J = 0.65. You will want to match up the eccentricity with the design.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCheck the values for c/d = 0.66
c ! 0.66d ! 0.66 22.5 in. ! 14.85 in. a ! F1c ! 0.7 14.85 in. ! 10.395 in.

Check the strain in the tension steel and compression steel.

c  dd 14.85 in.  2.5 in. I s1 ! I cu ! 0.003 ! 0.00249 14.85 in. c f cs1 ! EsI s1 ! 29000 ksi 0.00249 ! 72.35 ksi f cs1 ! 60 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe tension steel d c 22.5 in.  14.85 in. Is ! I cu ! 0.003 ! 0.00155 14.85 in. c fs ! EsI s ! 29000 ksi 0.00155 ! 44.82 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCombined forces

Cc ! 0.85 f cba ! 0.85 7 ksi 25 in. 10.395 in. ! 1545.26 k Cs1 ! Acs  f cs  0.85 f c ! 7 in 2 60 ksi  0.85 7 ksi ! 378.35 k T ! As f s ! 7 in ! 313.74 k
2

44.82 ksi

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsCombined force

Pn ! Cc  Cs1  T ! 1546.26 k  378.35 k  313.74 k ! 1610.9 k

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsMoment is

h h a h M n ! Cc   Cs1  d d T d  2 2 2 2 10.395 in. ! 1545.26 k 12.5 in.  2 378.35 k 12.5 in.  2.5 in. 313.74 k 22.5 in.  12.5 in. ! 18205.2 k-in

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe eccentricity is

M n 18205.2 k-in e! ! Pn 1610.9 k ! 11.30 in.

Since the e $11.28 in. The reduction factor is equal to J = 0.65. Compute the design load and moment.

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsThe design conditions are

Pu ! J Pn ! 0.65 1610.9 k ! 1047.1 k " 800 k OK! M u ! J M n ! 0.65 18205.2 k-in ! 11833.4 k-in. " 9027.2 k-in. OK!

Design of Long Columns- Example ColumnsDesign the ties Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:

48 dstirrup ! 48 0.375 in. ! 18 in. s ! smallest 16d bar ! 16 1.128 in. ! 18 in. controls h ! 25 in.
Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.

Using Interaction Diagrams

Select steel sizes. Determine eccentricity. Design ties by ACI code Estimate column size required base on axial load. Design sketch Determine e/h and required JPn/Ag Determine which chart to use.

Homework(11/25/02)
Problem 9.13(a) Try a 20 in square column and sustained load of 50 %