Introduction to Pharmacology

Dr. Rathnakar U.P.

MD.DIH.PGDHM

www.scribd.com/Urval%20R/documents
Thanks to: Dr. Ashok Shenoy, Prof & HOD

Pharmacology
Definition: It is that branch of science that deals with interaction of exogenously administered chemical molecules with the living system Pharmacon - Drug Logos - Discourse

What is a DRUG ?
Drogue (French) a dry herb Definition: WHO
Drug is any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore a physiological system or a pathological state for the benefit of the recipient

Divisions in Pharmacology
Experimental Pharmacology:
Evaluation of drug action in animals

Clinical Pharmacology
Evaluation of drug action in humans

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacokinetics
Kinesis (Greek) movement Definition:
This refers to the movement of the drug in the body, and the alterations of the drug by the body
Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

Pharmacodynamics
Dynamics (Greek) power Definition:
This refers to the physiological and biochemical effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action at
Macromolecular Subcellular Organ system level

Important definitions
Pharmacotherapeutics:
Application of pharmacological information together with the knowledge of the disease for its prevention, mitigation and cure.

Chemotherapy:
Treatment of systemic infections/malignancies with specific drugs that have selective toxicity for the infecting organism / malignant cell, with no / minimal effects on the host cell

Important definitions
Pharmacy:
It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs in man or animals.

Toxicology:
The study of poisonous effects of drugs and other chemicals (house hold, environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, etc), with emphasis on detection, prevention and treatment of poisoning.

Important definitions
PHARMACOGENETICS
Study of Genetic influences on responses to drugs.

PHARMACOGENOMICS
Use of genetic information to guide the choice of drug therapy.

PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Study of drug effects at the population level.

Important definitions
PHARMACOECONOMICS :
Branch of health economics, aims to quantify in economic terms, the cost and benefit of drugs used therapeutically.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Use of recombinant DNA Technology for manufacture of therapeutic proteins, diagnostics, genotyping etc.

Drug Nomenclature
1. Chemical name:

This describes the drug chemically

Propranolol propan-2-ol 1-(Isopropylamino)-3-(1-napthyloxy)-

2. Nonproprietary name/official name

Name accepted by competent scientific body
Meperidine (USA) Pethidine (UK and India)

Drug Nomenclature
3. Generic name:
Applied to the chemical / pharmacological group
Phenothiazines Tricyclic antidepressants Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

4.

Proprietary name:
Name given by manufacturer
Calpol, Metacin Brufen, Voveran

brand name

SOURCES OF DRUGS
MINERAL: MgSO4, Mg trisilicate, Liquid paraffin ANIMAL: Insulin, Heparin, Thyroid extract PLANT: Morphine, Atropine, Digoxin SYNTHETIC: Aspirin, Sulfonamides

SOURCES OF DRUGS
MICRO-ORGANISM: Penicillin DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY: Human Insulin, Human Growth Hormone HYBRIDOMA TECHNIQUE: Monoclonal antibodies

Sources of Drug Information

Text Books Journals

Library Websites

CME

NATIONAL FORMULARY
B.N.F. British National Formulary (by British Medical Association & Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain) N.F.I. National Formulary of India (By Govt. of India)
Information on products available to prescribers

PHARMACOPOEIA: [IP, BP, USP]

Official code, containing selected list of established drugs, descriptions of physical properties, tests for identity, purity and potency.

Essential Drugs
Definition:
Those drugs that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population. These drugs are selected with due regard to public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost effectiveness

Essential Drugs
Should be available at all times In adequate amounts In appropriate dosage forms In affordable price for individual & community

Essential Drugs
 First model list 1977  National Essential Drugs list 279 drugs 1996  The nomenclature EDL (essential drug list) is modify to EML (essential medicine list)  14th model of EML published by WHO in 2005  National List of Essential Medicines 2003 published by Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India

Essential Drugs
 Advantages:
 Reduces the cost of patient care

 Improves the practitioners

 Knowledge of drugs  Quality of prescribing

Orphan drugs
Drugs or biological products for diagnosis, treatment, prevention of a rare disease or condition. The condition/disease is so rare, that there is no expectation that the cost of research and manufacture can be recovered from the sales of the drug Examples:
Sodium nitrite Protamine sulfate Anti-digoxin antibodies Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

John Yagiela, Frank Dowd, Enid Neidle

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition Bertram G. Katzung, MD, PhD

Study and Chew

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