Physical Facilities of the Organisation Part II

Topics


Ventilation & Air Conditioning Industrial Sanitation Industrial Noise and Control Industrial Safety and Security

Ventilation


Ventilating is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high Indoor air quality. i.e. to control temperature or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and to replenish oxygen. Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into: Natural Ventilation Artificial/mechanical/Forced Ventilation

Significance of Good Ventilation



Meets Legal requirements: Factories Act 1948, State Government & National Building Code Provides Adequate Supply of Fresh Air: stale air might lead to loss of appetite, reduce immunity, nausea, sleeplessness, laziness and fatigue. Reduces Odours,Impurities and Noxious Gases: minimizes occupational hazards Prevents excessive Heat Generation in Premises : causing head-aches, fatigue, boredom and early tiring Maintains required degree of Humidity:

Natural Ventilation

windward - the direction from which the wind is coming leeward side - the side sheltered from the wind

Wind Effect  Caused by direction of wind, its velocity size and position of openings or inlet and outlet in the factory building


When wind blows against the factory building a positive pressure is created on the windward side and creates suction on lee-ward side. Rate of airflow depends on pressure difference between inside and outside air, higher the speed of wind ,greater will be the pressure and thus higher rate of air flow.

Natural Ventilation (Contd.)

Stack Effect  Caused by convection effect that are from a difference in the temperature or vapour pressure or difference of both inside and outside factory building


When the air inside the building gets warm cause by heat due to inputs and processing the warmer air rises and passes out the ventilations provided on the upper part of the buildings This effects also rests on the difference in the height of the inlets and the outlet and the ratio between two openings

Artificial Ventilation

The three basic methods of artificial ventilation: The Exhaust System: in this exhaust fans are used to remove the stale and vitiated air through exhaust fans. The system is ideal to remove smoke, odours,fumes,dust and dust particles; The Supply System: in this system fresh air is supplied by means of fan without any efforts to duct it out. It involves upward and downward ventilation. In upwards ventilation incoming air is allowed to flow through the doors and windows at floor level and stale air is made to flow out though outlet on ceiling Balanced System: in this both exhaust and supply system is used for ventilation

Devices used for effective Artificial Ventilation



Air Filters: It is used to filter the polluted or stale air. Reduces the concentration of atmospheric dust of incoming air.

Air Washers/Purifier: Used for cleaning air by forcing the air to pass through water taking the form of spray It removes dust and fumes by the water drops

Air Conditioning
It control temperature and humidity and the distribution and purity of air by artificial means. Six main components of air conditioning: 1. Air Filters 2. Heating 3. Cooling 4. Humidification 5. Dehumidification 6. Air Distribution Types of air conditioning: Summer, Winter and Composite System of Air Conditioning: Central, Self Contained, Semi Contained

Industrial Air Conditioning



Industrial air-handling can take up a large portion of building space, and requires many large, high-powered fans to blow air into heating ducts. These fans consume a large amount of the buildings total power.

Significance of Air Conditioning

  

Employee comfort in cases of extreme temperatures. Employee health: prevents dust, fumes, soot, fatigue Desirable condition of temperature: processes which need certain level of moisture, temperature, dust control, Preservation and Improvement of Product Quality: preserve quality standards for perishable items Protection of manufacturing equipments: avoiding breakdown of machinery Cost Control : increase in productivity, reduce absenteeism, avoid shut down in extreme weather conditions Storage of Inputs: in case of food processing, fruit canning, dairies,meat packing, marine-product packing.