Diencephalon Basal ganglia Internal capsule

By: Dr. Atal

Diencephalon
Epithalamus  Thalamus  Hypothalamus  Subthalamus


*metathalamus  medial geniculate body  lateral geniculate body



epithalamus
   

Pineal body Habenular nuclie Stria medullaris Taenia thalami

thalamus
               

Nuclear groups( IML) anterior anterior tubercle medial dorsomedial lateral ventral nuclear mass ventral anterior ventral lateral ventral posterior vpln vpmn lateral nuclear mass pulvinar lateral posterior *centromedian n. intralaminar n.

Specific Relay Nuclei (and Function) Their cortical connections are given at this point for information (<---> symbolizes a connection in both directions). VA ventral anterior (motor) <---> premotor area and supplementary motor area VL ventral lateral (motor) <---> precentral gyrus and premotor area VPL ventral posterolateral (somatosensory) <- --> postcentral gyrus VPM ventral posteromedial (trigeminal) <---> postcentral gyrus MGB medial geniculate (body) nucleus (audi- tory) <--> temporal cortex LGB lateral geniculate (body) nucleus (vision) <---> occipital cortex

Association Nuclei (and Association Cortex) These nuclei are reciprocally connected to association areas of the cerebral cortex. DM dorsomedial nucleus <--> prefrontal cortex AN anterior nucleus <---> limbic lobe Pul pulvinar <---> visual cortex LP lateral posterior <---> parietal lobe LD lateral dorsal <---> parietal lobe

Nonspecific Nuclei (to Widespread Areas of the Cerebral Cortex) IL intralaminar CM centromedian Ret reticular

Lesions of the Thalamus



Sensory Loss

Result from thrombosis or hemorrhage  damage to VPLN and VPMN  loss of all forms of sensation


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Thalamic Syndrome  May occur as the patient is recovering from a thalamic infarct  spontaneous pain which is often excessive and unpleasant occurs on the opposite side of the body  painful sensation may be aroused by light touch or cold  may fail to respond to powerful analgesic drugs

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hypothalamus


Central control of : visceral autonomic endocrine functions effective behavior

  

Hypothalamic areas
 

I. Preoptic region preoptic n . A. supraoptic supraoptic paraventricular B. tuberal region ventromedial dorsomedial arcuate/infundibular posterior hypothalamic C.mamillary region mamillary nucleus posterior hypothalamic

  

   

  

II. Lateral hypothalamic area Bounded medially: mamillothalamic tract anterior column of fornix Bounded laterally: subthalamic region internal capsule

     

Clinical disorders associated with hypothalamic lesions

obesity and wasting  sexual disorders  hyperthermia and hypothermia  diabetes insipidus  disturbances of sleep  emotional disorders


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subthalamus
    

Ventral to thalamus Medial to internal capsule Caudal to hypothalamus Closely associated with the basal ganglia in function

subthalamus


Zona incerta- between incertalenticular fasciculus and thalamic fasciculus *rostral continuation of midbrain reticular formation Forels tegmental field-includes fieldthe prerubral field Subthalamic nucleus *continous at the substantia nigra at its caudal extent *medial border of internal capsule

  

lesions of the subthalamic nucleus Hemiballismus

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Basal ganglia

Basal ganglia
A. corpus striatum  somatic motor function
       

B. amygdaloid nuclear complex regarded as a component of the limbic system olfactory input archistriatum beneath the uncus in the temporal lobe reciprocal connections with the hypothalamus and prepyriform cortex

Corpus striatum
  

1. neostriatum a. caudate nucleus b. putamen 2. paleosriatum a. globus pallidus * Lentiform nucleus putamen and globus pallidus

     

Caudate nucleus
C shaped cellular mass  Related throughout its extent to the lateral ventricle  Head rostral to the thalamus  Body arches along the dorsolateral border of the thalamus  Tail lies in the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle


putamen


Largest and most lateral portion of the corpus striatum Between the external capsule and the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus

striatum
High concentrations of dopamine  Contains glutamate conveyed by corticostriate fibers  Serotonin transmitted from the raphe nuclei of the midbrain  Striated efferent neurons contains GABA and substance P.


Globus pallidus


Medial to the putamen Medial medullary lamina divides globus pallidus into medial and lateral segments

claustrum


Narrow streak of gray matter between the lentiform nucleus and nuclear cortex Seperated by two white lamina: A. external capsule medially B. extreme capsule laterally

  

Amygdaloid nuclear complex



Dorsomedial portion of the temporal lobe Continous with the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus

Internal capsule


Medially thalamus and caudate Laterally nucleus lentiform

Internal capsule
  

Anterior limb: a. anterior thalamic radiations b. prefrontal corticopontine tract Genu a. corticobulbar b. corticoreticular Posterior limb a. corticospinal b. frontopontine fibers c. superior thalamic radiation d. corticotectal, corticorubral, corticoreticular

  

     

Basal ganglia lesions



Extrapyramidal lesions

Parkinsons  Chorea  Athetosis  Hemiballismus



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