Pulp and Paper Overview
Basic Diagram Pulp Making Process
Wood Debarking Chips Screens Digesters
Chemical
Recovery
Cycle
Pulp Machine Screening Bleaching Washer
Introduction to Fiber Chemistry
Wood
Lignin Extractive
2–8%
• 21% hardwood
• 25 % softwood
Carbohydrates
Cellulose Hemicellulose
45 %
• 35 % hardwood
• 25 % softwood
Comparison - Cellulose and Hemi Cellulose
Cellulose Hemi cellulose
Lignin
lignin fiber
A Schematic Structure of Wood Fiber
Soft wood and Hard wood Fiber
Soft wood Hard wood
fiber fiber
Wood
Chips
Pulping Methodology
Mechanical
- stone groundwood
- refiner mechanical pulp
- thermomechanical pulp
Hybrid
- semichemical pulp
Chemical
- kraft
- sulfite
- soda
Pulp Digester
Bleaching Sequence
Chlorination (C)
Alkaline Extraction (E)
Chlorine Dioxide (D)
Oxygen (O)
Hypochlorite (H)
Peroxide (P)
Ozone (Z)
Basic Diagram Paper Making Process
NBKP & LBKP slurry Broke
Refining Process Mixing Chest Machine Chest
Wire Silo
Paper Machine Cleaner
Head Box Machine Screen De-aerator
Paper Mill Overview
Pulper
Refining Mechanism
Refining
Cleaner Principle
Machine Screen
Fine Paper Machine
Hydraulic Head Box
Web Forming
fines
fiber
wire
Forming Section
Forming Section
Press Section
Dryer Section
Size Press
Calender
Reel
Wet End Chemical and Mineral Additives
Additives Application
Sizing agents Control penetration of liquid AKD
Dry strength Improve burst and tensile; add stiffness Starch
and pick resistance
Wet strength Add wet strength PEI
Fillers Improve optical and surface properties GCC, PCC
Coloring materials Impart desired color Dyes
Retention aids Improve retention of fines and filler Polymer
Optical brighteners Improve apparent brightness OBA
Slimicides Control slime growth and other Biocide
microorganisms
Paper Mechanical and Strength Properties
Grammage
Caliper
Folding endurance
Tearing
Bursting
Tensile
Stiffness
Stretch
Paper Surface Properties
Roughness
Smoothness
Pick strength
Air permeability
Paper Optical Properties
Brightness
Opacity
Color
Paper Permeability to Fluids
Sizing degree
Water absorbency (Cobb)
