CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

LYMPHOCYTES

Lymphocytes are classified as: B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Natural Killers

LYMPHOCYTES
B LYMPHOCYTES and Natural Killers The Precursors of all Lymphocyte types originate in the bone marrow, some lymphocytes mature and become functional in the bone marrow. After leaving the bone marrow, enter the blood circulation to colonize connective tissues, epithelia, lymphoid nodules and lymphoid organs.

LYMPHOCYTES
T LYMPHOCYTES: After leaving the bone marrow and through the blood circulation, reach the thymus where they undergo intense proliferations and differentiation or die

LYMPHOCYTES
Primary or Central Lymphoid Organs
Bone Marrow Thymus

Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs

Spleen Lymph nodes Solitary lymphoid nodules Tonsils Appendix Peyers patches of the ileum

 BONE MARROW
Lymphoblast

B lymphocyte

T lymphocytes

Natural Killers

BLOOD

Thymus

CD4+

CD8+

Connective tissue, epithelia, secondary lymphoid organs

LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocyte recirculation
-the process of continuously moving of B and T lymphocyte from one location to another.

LYMPHOCYTES
B Lymphocytes
It recognizes soluble antigens or antigens present on cell surfaces.

LYMPHOCYTES
The encounter of a B Lymphocytes with the epitope it recognizes, It will lead to several cycles of cell proliferations

A redifferentiation of most of these lymphocytes into Plasma cells The Population of P.C. secretes antibodies against the same epitope as that recognized by the B cell from which it arose

LLMPHOCYTES
B Cells requires the assistance of T Helper cells. Not all activated B cells become plasma cells some remain as long lived B memory cells.

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T Lymphocytes -constitutes 65-75% of blood lymphocytes T cells have on their surface a molecule called T cell Receptors (TCR), to recognize epitopes.

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T lymphocytes recognize only epitopes (mostly small peptides) that form complexes with special proteins on the cell surface of other cells.

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Three important subpopulations of T cells: 1. Helper Cells (CD4 + T cells) 2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) 3. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+)

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Helper cells
which produce cytokines that promote differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Activate macrophages to become phagocytic Activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes Induce many parts of an inflammatory reactions. It have a marker called CD4 on their surfaces

LYMPHOCYTES
Cytotoxic T cells
Act directly against foreign cells or virusinfected cells by two main mechanisms:
One, they attach to the cells to be killed and release proteins called perforins, that create holes in the cell membrane of the target cell, which consequent cell lysis. Two, they attach to a cell and kill it by triggering mechanisms that induce programmed cell death (Apoptosis)

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Regulatory T cells
Play crucial roles in allowing immune tolerance, maintaining unresponsiveness to self-antigens and suppressing excessive immune responses. These cells produce peripheral tolerance, which backs up the central tolerance emerging in the thymus.

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Natural Killers
Lymphocytes lack marker molecules. Comprise about 10-15% of the lymphocytes of circulating blood. Their name derives from the fact that they attack
Virus infected cells Transplanted cells Cancer cells

without previous stimulation. Involved in Innate Immune response

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
Are found in many tissues and constitutes a heterogeneous population of cells that includes: Dendritic cells Macrophages and B lymphocytes.

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
Dendritic cells
Occur not only in the lymphoid organs, but are also abundant in epidermis and in many mucosae where they are called Langerhans Cells. Langerhans cells of the epidermis constitute a very efficient system for trapping antigens that enter the epidermis.

 Macrophages Macrophages are white blood cells that are found inside the tissues of all vertebrates. These cells originate from monocytes in the bone marrow Macrophages are phagocytes

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
A common feature of APCs is the presence of class II MHC molecules on their surfaces. CD4+ interact with complexes formed by peptides and class II MHC molecules on APCs. Professional APCs CD8+ interact with peptides complexed with class I MHC molecules.- Non Professional APCs

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