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Why do we need it?
Video-on-Demand
3G UMTS
2G GSM
Edge
Will allow another step towards the use of 3G This will allow the infrastructure to grow and improve
Consider what would happen if a network went from 9.6 Kbps data access to 2Mbps in a short time
It would not be able to cope as the companies would not be available to update the entire network infrastructure that quickly
The network infrastructure would not cope and upgrades will be required.
This is already a consideration with EDGE level access 20 devices receiving a football stream at 200 (reasonable quality) Kbps in a town centre Base station needs 20 * 200 = 4 Mbps Now consider how many other base stations are also requesting the same data?
Edge
Is now being considered as a replacement for 3G Vodafone are intending to allow EDGE services this year
A solution to this is to provide those services on-demand and download them. After use these can be deleted with no impact on the actual device
Video on Demand is an example of this Location based services i.e. show me a web cam of the inside of the Peking Temple restaurant now!
Video-on-Demand (VOD)
Two choices for VOD
Download parts of the film in the background to the device and play it when the film is in the storage of the device
Device will need sufficient storage Some method would be needed to know what a person might be interested in A pre-registration scheme for example with a football match
MMS continued
Based on a Open standard
MMS is not part of the GSM standard and can be implemented on any network infrastructure
High throughput networks are not necessarily required for MMS to operate
MMS messages will be trickled in the background to your device You will only receive notification once all of the message has been processed Unlike SMS, MMS will need to be transported in multiple packets of data
JPEG, GIF, PNG, SVG-Tiny (2D Vector Graphics) SP-MIDI (Synthetic sound) MPEG-4 ASCII Text
MMS PDU
Specifications in details can be found at
www.openmobilealliance.org/wapdocs/wap-209-mmsencapsulation-20020105-a.pdf
Latest standard allows for the sender to pay for any reply to a message
This may be used by companies for advertising, equivalent of a free phone number
EDGE
Developed by Erricson for the benefit of the loser in the 3G spectrum bidding Operates at a theoretical 384 Kbps within the current GSM transmission bands
This means that a company who has not paid for out 3G can still provide fast data services Companies that have bought 3G spectrum, will benefit from the infrastructure put in place for EDGE, as this will be used for UMTS The current Base stations will require a new transceiver and a software upgrade to allow EDGE transmission
This can take place as and when the normal BS are being serviced
Current infrastructure
This allows for a wider coverage than will be available at least initially with the UMTS network. Obviously there are still the same issues as GPRS in respect that a channel that is used for EDGE takes one away from a voice call
EDGE continued
The data transferred is transferred using 8 Phase shifting Key (8 PSK)
This can change and will be discussed further in a further slide This allows the transfer of 3 bits in each modulation Three times GPRS and one of the reason why EDGE is 3x faster
EDGE is more sensitive to errors and as such needs to be close to the transmitter to allow maximum throughput of data
EDGE continued
Works the same as GPRS as in a single GSM frame is divided between the transmission
Channel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Use of the Channel Voice AAAABBABBAAAAFA Voice AAABAABAAAFAAAA AAAFAFAFFFAFFFFB BBBBABABAFFFFFFF Voice FFAFFAFFABABBBBB Data Users A = User 1 B = User 2 F = User 3 In this instance we have 3 voice calls and 3 users receiving data
EDGE
As with GSM and GPRS will have separate downlink and uplink channels A discussion is currently taking place regarding the use of 8-PSK As the internet is a download intensive environment
8-psk may only be used in the downlink Uplink may well remain as the GSM GMSK
Quality
EDGE uses packets which are physically closer together than the GPRS system
This increases the likelihood of error taking place As with GPRS, EDGE has a number of coding schemes to allow for these errors
They range from MSC1 to MCS4 (using GMSK modulation) MSC5 to MSC9 (using the 8PSK modulation)
Coding Scheme
Quality
The code rate indicates how much of the packet is data (including headers) and how much is error checking code
MCS3 indicates that 15% of the packet is error checking code Data Rate
8.8 Kbps 11.2 Kbps 14.8 Kbps 17.6 Kbps 22.4 Kbps 29.6 Kbps 44.8 Kbps 54.4 Kbps 59.2 Kbps
Modulation
MSC1 MSC2 MSC3 MSC4 MSC5 MSC6 MSC7 MSC8 MSC9
Modulation Technique
GMSK GMSK GMSK GMSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK 8PSK
Code Rate
0.53 0.66 0.85 1 0.37 0.49 0.76 0.92 1
GPRS will send the packet again using the same modulation technique EDGE will lower the modulation technique used and send the packet again.
The lowering of the modulation is a problem The available data in a new packet is reduced EDGE allows for resegmentation and the packet being sent again This allows EDGE to send packets at a rate which would normally corrupted and then resend them again when a error takes place
EDGE
Has increased the addressing number to 2048 and the window is now 1024 Thereby reducing the chance of lost packets
As discussed previously it is better to send some redundant bits with each packet, which in the event of error can be used to mathematically recreate the original packet
Alternative is to send each packet again with an increased rate of FEC
EDGE
Will send the packet again, but the new packet will be combined with the original packet to recreate the corrupted part of the packet No increase in the amount of FEC bits are sent the same number are sent again, but using different bits.
Once measurements are made the correct coding scheme can be selected
Rollout Stages
Phase 1
Introduce single and multi-slot packet switched services Introduce single and Multi-slot circuit switched services Web Use Email Real-time services
VOIP Video Conferencing
Phase 2
Interleaving of data
The data is sent in bursts
These bursts refer to the amount of information sent If one of the bursts arrives corrupted the entire burst sequence needs sending again The sequence of the packets being sent is referred to as a radio block GRPS
The radio block are interleaved into 4
A radio block
EDGE
The radio block are interleaved into 2
Increased throughput
The potential for interference in the EDGE system has now been reduced by a half
Assuming all other factors remain the same
Infrastructure
will not need adding to from the GPRS environment
(www.ericsson.com/products/white_papers_pdf/edge_wp_technical.pdf, 2003)
Infrastructure
Changes
QOS classes
The classes which are supported by EDGE are the same as UMTS
Conversational
Real-Time communications highest priority Two way communications
Streaming
Video audio files, time dependent One way communication
Interactive
WWW usage, telnet etc Reduced request response time
Background
SMS, email, MMS Best effort delivery
This will depend ion the technology being used for EDGE
There is no reason at this stage for user to want a EDGE based phone Apples i-pod (http://www.apple.com/ipod/, 2003) Allows the downloading of music onto the device, with 20Gb of storage
Consider if these songs were downloaded in the background of your phone and you pay for them. You specify and pay for the album a few days in advance Albums available to you the second they are released Massive potential, with records that shops usually sell out of
Summary
Why do we need it?
Video-on-Demand