Chapter 11: Cell Communication

Word Roots: liga- = bound or tied to trans- = across

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Ligand a small molecule that specifically binds to a larger one. Transduction the transmission and conversion of a message.

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Signal Transduction Pathways

Local Signaling Direct contact Local Regulators Paracrine signaling Synaptic signaling Long Distance Signaling Hormones Nervous

Direct Contact

Local Signaling

Less specific Growth factors

More Specific Neurotransmitters

Long Distance Signaling

Very Specific Target cells Hormones

Nerves electrical transmission of impulses

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Three Stages of Cell Signaling

3 Steps Reception Transduction Response Earl W. Sutherland 1971 Signal Transduction Pathway for glycogen breakdown.

Step 1: Reception
Receptor Proteins: Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Signal Molecule Ligand-general term for chemical signal Small/hydrophobic nucleus/cytoplasm Large/water soluble Usually Membrane

Plasma Membrane Receptors

G-Protein Linked Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Ion Channel

G-Protein Linked
Embryonic development and sensory reception. GTP guanosine triphosphate

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases cont.

Kinase Regulates growth and reproduction Multiple pathways stimulated Branched pathways

Ion Channel Receptors

Nervous system Sodium-Potassium Pump

Sodium Potassium Pump

Step 2: Transduction
Multi-step Amplifies signal Require Relay Molecules Protein Kinases Serine/threonine kinases Phosphorylation cascade Conformational change Increase or decrease Protein Phosphatases Recycle and reuse

Second Messengers
Small,nonprotien water soluble Diffuse easily Easily Amplified Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Calcium ions (Ca2+) Inositol triphosphate (IP3) Diacylglycerol (DAG)

Cyclic AMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Created by Adenylyl Cyclase from ATP Many cAMP molecules amplification Phosphodiesterase Activates Protein Kinase A

Locking the pathway

Cholera Vibrio cholerae Locks G-Protein for water and salt regulation on. Diarrhea Vasodilatation Cyclic GMP relaxes artery walls Viagra blocks cyclic GMP increases blood flow

Calcium Ions and Inositol Triphosphate

Ca2+ low in cytosol, high in ER and ECF Active transport and membrane proteins Controlled by gated ion channels Regulates: Muscle contraction Secretion of other substances Cell division Used: G-protein Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Step 3: Response
Cytoplasmic or Nuclear Regulates: Enzyme/Protein activity Enzyme/Protein creation Transcription factors Growth factors Hormones

Cytoplasmic Response

Nuclear Response

Benefits of Transduction Pathways

Signal Amplification Each step more amplification Specificity Branched pathways Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Signaling Efficiency
Scaffolding Proteins (kind of like a relay molecule) Can cause different phosphorylation cascades Signaling Complexes Proteins can participate in: More than one pathway in 1 cell Many pathways in different cells

Step 4: Signal Termination

Reversible binding Signal molecule unbinds GTPase activity Phosphodiesterase Phosphatases