ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

By, Anushree Khandalkar 25 Darshan Magia 49 Kamal Mehta 33 Stuti Chatterji 110 Munjal Mehta 125 Niket Gupta - 117

Sources of Energy

Renewable

Non Renewable

Fossil Fuels

Natural Gas

Non Renewable Source

Coal

Oil

Fossil Fuels
Found within rocks of the earth s surface Formed millions of years ago

Oil Coal Natural Gas

Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels Oil and Natural Gas

Chemicals made from molecules containing Carbon and Hydrogen Methane is the main component of Natural Gas Crude oil is in the form of sticky black substance obtained from the ground

Fossil Fuels Oil and Natural Gas

How were they formed?
Formed from the remains of small sea creatures and plants that died and fell to the bottom of seas.

Use as fuels
When they burn they produce mainly carbon dioxide and water releasing energy Produce carbon dioxide

Fossil Fuels Oil and Natural Gas

Advantages
These sources of energy are relatively cheap and most are easy to get and can be used to generate electricity.

Disadvantages
When these fuels are burned they produce the gas carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas and is a major contributor to global warming. Transporting oil around the world can produce oil spills, pollute beaches and harm wildlife.

Fossil Fuels - Coal

Coal mainly consists of carbon atoms that come from plant material from ancient swamp forests. How is it formed: Use as fuel Produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and soot

Fossil Fuels - Coal

Advantages
Coal is relatively cheap, with large deposits left that are reasonably easy to obtain, some coal being close to the surface. It is relatively easy to transport because it is a solid.

Disadvantages
Burning coal without first purifying it contributes to global warming, as well as to the production of smog which is harmful to health. It is a finite resource and will eventually run out.

Nuclear Fuel
Makes use of radioactivity of some elements Made from naturally occurring radioactive materials like uranium

Nuclear Fuel
Advantages
Nuclear fuel does not produce greenhouse gases, so will not contribute to global warming. There is a relatively long-lasting supply of raw material.

Disadvantages
The waste remains radioactive for a long time (100+ years). If the reaction is not contained and controlled well, then the nuclear reduction could go out of control. Radioactive material could then escape into the environment.

Pros

Cons

Sunlight

Wind

Renewable Sources

Rain & Tides

Geothe rmal

Cons

Pros

Nitrous Oxide Sulphur Dioxide Carbon Emissions

Emissions

Emissions
Sulphur Dioxide Nitrous Oxide Carbon Emissions
Acid Rains Acute Respiratory Infections Cardiac Disorders

Urban Smog Chronic Respiratory Infections

Heart Diseases, strokes, pneumonia Global Climate change

The Greenhouse effect

Is a natural process necessary for sustaining life on earth Is produced by the sun s energy and earth s atmosphere

How it works
Sun s energy passes through atmosphere 26% is reflected and scattered 19% absorbed by clouds, gases, and particles 4% reflected to space by surface 51% reaches the surface

 Greenhouse gases trap this radiation, warm the atmosphere and emits the heat back to earth where a cycle begins.

Main Greenhouse Gases

Water vapor (H2O) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Methane (CH4)

Contribution to green house gases

Causes of green house effect

Deforestation and agriculture Burning of fossil fuels, gasoline, oil Use of fertilizers Burning of organic matter Burning of wood and coal CFC s Population Growth

Furious aspects
 Endangered Species

 Climate Change  Global Warming

Global warming
An issue of concern in society Heat trapped inside Earth General warming effect created Increase in air and ocean temperatures Sea level Increases

Climate change

Future of the Climate

Scientists all agree earth s climate is warming due to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. They do not know how it will continue, however. Some believe it will all work itself out. World Health Organization says immediate and long term health benefits will come from reducing gas emissions.

Reducing Greenhouse Gases

We can build more efficient machines. Automobiles are highly inefficient and transportation is second highest contributor to gas emissions in U.S. Planting trees. An average tree intakes 13 pounds of carbon and carbon dioxide a year and maintains it for the life of the tree.

Conclusion
 Greenhouse effect can be viewed as an outcome to various
natural as well as man made activities.

 We saw there are many impacts related to greenhouse effect

out of which global warming is has proved to be deadly for us, and if the emission of greenhouse gases are not taken under control we may land up in serious trouble.

Carbon Offset
It is the reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset an emission made elsewhere. Measured in metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e).
Carbon Dioxide Sulphur Hexafluo ride

Methane

CO2e
Hydrofluorocar bons Perfluor ocarbons Nitrous Oxide

Carbon Offset
The market for carbon offset involves governments, companies and individuals. Buying one tonne of carbon offsets means there will be one less tonne of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than there would otherwise have been.

Carbon Offset
Carbon offsets are a form of trade When you buy an offset, you fund projects that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The projects might restore forests, update power plants and factories or increase the energy efficiency of buildings and transportation.

Sources of Carbon Offset

Renewable Energy Methane Abatement Energy Efficiency
Cogeneration Fuel Efficiency Energy efficient buildings

Destruction of industrial pollutants Land use and forestry

Acid Rain

Causes of Acid Rain

Natural Causes Volcanoes Forest Fires Lightning Human Activities Power plants (by burning of fossil fuels) Harmful gases released from cars, buses, trucks, etc.

Effects of Acid Rain

Health Problems
Respiratory diseases (asthma or bronchitis) Lung Damage Heart Problems

Effects of Acid Rain

Damages plants & forests
Seeps into ground Dissolves essential nutrients like magnesium & calcium Releases aluminum into the soil which makes it difficult for the trees to take up water

Effects of Acid Rain

Affects Aquatic Life
Lakes & streams become acidic Proves deadly for aquatic wildlife, including phytoplankton, mayflies, rainbow trout, small mouth bass, frogs, spotted salamanders, crayfish, and other creatures that are part of the food web.

Effects of Acid Rain

Damages objects
Like buildings, monuments, statues, etc Leads to corrosion of stone & metal Reduces value & beauty

How to reduce Acid Rain ?

Reduce release of harmful pollutants from power plants
Put a cap on the amount of SO2 release Use coal containing less sulphur Install equipment called scrubbers, which remove 80-90% of sulphur oxides from gases leaving the smokestack

How to reduce Acid Rain ?

Use renewable sources of energy such as solar & wind power to generate electricity Manufacture & use low emission vehicles
Use of technology called catalytic converter which reduces the amount of nitrogen oxides released by cars Use cleaner fuels, such as natural gas Use of electric cars

What can you do ?

Get educated Conserve Energy
Turn off lights, fans & other electrical appliances when not in use Avoid using air conditioners & heaters Use energy efficient appliances

What can you do ?

Walk, run, bicycle and skate your way to places that are near
Reduce your ecological footprint Use public transport Opt for carpooling

Encourage
Do your bit towards the environment and also advise others to do so Get rid of your cynical attitude regarding as to what difference would it make if I do it and others don t. Somebody has to make a start. You be the trend setter, you be the change; others will follow!

Four sources of Renewable Energy:

Solar, Wind, Hydro & Geo-thermal

Solar Energy
Concentrating solar power (CSP)-using mirror to reflect and concentrate sunlight onto receivers that collect solar energy and convert it into heat.

5 parts of CSP
Linear concentrator systems Dish/Engine systems Power tower systems
Thermal storage Advanced components and systems

Some Pictures
Dish/Engine Systems

Power Tower Systems

Pros for Solar Energy

Can generate electricity at a low cost and deliver the power during periods of peak demand. Low cost of thermal storage adds significant value to the energy delivered from CSP plants. Many utilities now included concentrating solar power in power-generation portfolio, helping nation reduce its dependence on fossil fuels.

Cons for Solar Energy

Initial cost of Solar cells is high some households may need more than one to generate enough power, making the initial installation of solar panels very costly. Can used to generate electricity only during daylight hours, which mean its only produce energy for the home only one half of the day. The weather can affect the productivity of solar cells. Pollution levels can affect the efficiency of the solar cells.

Geothermal: How it works

Closed loop system- horizontal. Residential Water running through two pipes side-by-side in four feet deep trenches heats up from the earth and circulates an exchange for cool water. Most cost effective.

Geothermal: How it works (cont.)

Geothermal Pros
Clean energy meaning no burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas or oil. No emissions. Geothermal energy is available 24 hours a day. and 365 days a year.

Geothermal Cons
Extremely expensive- prices ranging from anywhere between $.03-$.70 per kWh. Availability requires the land to heat geothermal fluid to 300 F. Power plants require at least 450-600 gallons of water per minute to generate 1 MW.

Geothermal Technologies Program

The Geothermal Technologies Program (GTP)- facilitate research, development, and demonstration to establish geothermal energy as a major contributor for electricity generation.

Hydro Energy
It is on the same level with nuclear energy and fossil energy, also like solar and wind energy. If people can use the energy properly, we can protect our environment and develop our long term use resources. The hydrogen energy is a secondary energy, it is the connection of the primary energy and the energy users. Long term usable

Hydro Energy (cont.)

Hydrogen is the most common chemical in the world, there are more than 75% hydrogen in our universe. We can find most of the hydrogen in the sea on earth. If we get all of the hydrogen from the sea and burn them, the heat it brings is going to be greater for 9000 times than all the fossils we can burn.

Hydro Energy and the U.S.

Since 2003, US acclaims to move the hydrogen fuel cell from the laboratory to our daily life. U.S. government has spent 1.2 billion and more than 5 years to do it. Looking forward to develop the hydrogen energy because it has a great benefit of hydrogen is it can be in different forms, it can be in gas, liquid and metal.

Problems with Hydro Energy

It is a secondary energy, which means it is really hard to get. Many countries spend a lot of money to get hydrogen out. It is also hard to store, because it can explode easily so it is hard to transfer.

Future of Hydro Energy

Nowadays, US, Japan, Europe is already starts to work on develop the hydrogen energy. The US governments goal is until 2040, the US is going to use the hydro energy instead of the gas, they going to decrease the gasoline each day for 11 million barrels.

Wind Energy
Wind turbines convert winds kinetic energy into mechanical power. Wind temperature, velocity and density determine the quality of the wind. Denser air will have an impact because it will generate more momentum. Wind power generates less than 1% of the worlds electricity. But it is the fastest growing renewable energy source. It is mainly centered in western Europe. People complain mainly because they think that wind farms are a visual nuisance and the large blades are noisy and can endanger migratory birds and bats.

Advantages of Wind Energy

It is a clean fuel source, so it does not pollute the air like power plants that rely on coal or natural gases and the turbines do not produce bad atmospheric emissions that cause the greenhouse gases or acid rain. It is a domestic source of energy, so the U.S. will not have to rely on other countries. Turbines rely on wind which cannot be used up. Wind energy is one of the lower priced renewable energy technologies that is available today. Turbines can benefit the economies in rural areas because they can be built on farms or ranches.

Disadvantages of Wind Energy

Wind power costs more than generic electricity and is rather impractical in many areas. Wind is intermittent and does not always blow when electricity is necessary. It cannot be stored without batteries which would add to the overall cost.

THANK YOU