Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

THE TRANSPOSE AND

INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Prepared by:
Ross Christian C. Manuel

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Learning Objectives
• Find the transpose of a matrix
• Find the inverse of a matrix (if it exists)
• Use properties of inverse matrices
• Use an inverse matrix to solve a system of
linear equations

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

The Transpose of a Matrix

The transpose of a matrix is formed by writing its rows as columns.

Size:

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 1 Transposes of Matrices

Find the transpose of each matrix.

 1 2 3 0 1
 2 (c
(a) A   (b) A  4 5 6  A  2 4 
 8   )  
 7 8 9  1  1
(c
Sol: (a)  2 ) 0 1
A    AT 2 8 0 2 1 
A  2 4  T
 A 
 8   
 1 4  1
 1  1
(b)  1 2 3  1 4 7
A  4 5 6  AT  2 5 8 
   
 7 8 9  3 6 9 

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Properties of Transposes
If A and B are matrices (with sizes such that the matrix operations are defined)
and c is a scalar, then the properties below are true.

(1) ( AT )T  A Transpose of a transpose

(2) ( A  B )T  AT  B T Transpose of a sum

(3) (cA)T c( AT ) Transpose of a scalar multiple

(4) ( AB)T B T AT Transpose of a product

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is symmetric if A = AT
Skew-symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A is skew-symmetric if AT = –A


Ex:
 1 2 3
If A  a 4 5 is symmetric, find a, b, c?
 
 b c 6
Sol:
 1 2 3  1 a b T
  A  A
A  a 4 5 AT  2 4 c 
     a 2, b 3, c 5
 b c 6  3 5 6

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix


Ex:
 0 1 2
If A  a 0 3 is a skew-symmetric, find a, b, c?
 
 b c 0
Sol:
 0 1 2  0  a  b
A  a 0 3   AT   1 0  c 
 b c 0  
  2  3 0 

A  AT  a  1, b  2, c  3

Note: AAT is symmetric

Pf: ( AAT )T ( AT )T AT  AAT

 AAT is symmetric

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

The Inverse of a Matrix

Definition of the Inverse of a Matrix:
An matrix is invertible (or nonsingular) when there exists an matrix B such
that

where is the identity matrix of order n. The matrix B is the (multiplicative)

inverse of A.

Note:
A matrix that does not have an inverse is called noninvertible (or singular).

Nonsquare matrices do not have inverses.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

The Inverse of a Matrix

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

The Inverse of a Matrix


Thm : (The inverse of a matrix is unique)
If B and C are both inverses of the matrix A, then B = C.
Pf: AB I
C ( AB) CI
(CA) B C
IB C
B C
Consequently, the inverse of a matrix is unique.

Notes:
(1) The inverse of A is denoted by A 1
(2) AA 1  A 1 A I
Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024
Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 1 The Inverse of a Matrix

Show that B is the inverse of A, where
and .

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 2 Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

Find the inverse of the matrix
.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Finding the Inverse of a Matrix by Gauss-Jordan Elimination

Let A be a square matrix of order n.

1. Write the matrix that consists of A on the left and the identity matrix on the right to
obtain . This process is called adjoining matrix to matrix

2. If possible, row reduce to using elementary row operations on the entire matrix . The
result will be the matrix . If this is not possible, then A is noninvertible (or singular).

3. Check your work by multiplying to see that

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 3 Finding the Inverse of a Matrix

Find the inverse of the matrix
.

Solution:

−1
[𝐼 𝐴 ]

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Finding the Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrix

For a 2 x 2 matrices, however, you can use a formula for the inverse rather than
Gauss-Jordan elimination.
If A is a 2 x 2 matrix

then A is invertible if and only if . Moreover, if , then the inverse is

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 4 Finding the Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrix

If possible, find the inverse of each matrix.
b.

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Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Properties of Inverse Matrices

If A is an invertible matrix, k is a positive integer, and c is a scalar not equal to
zero, then

(1) A 1 is invertible and ( A 1 )  1  A

(2) Ak is invertible and ( Ak )  1 A 1A1  A

 
1
( A 1 k
)  A k

k factors
1 1
1
(3) cA is invertible and (cA)  A , c 0
c
(4) AT is invertible and ( AT )  1 ( A 1 )T

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 5 The Inverse of the Square of a Matrix

Compute using two different ways and show that the results are equal.

𝐴=
1
2 [ 1
4 ]

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

The Inverse of a Product

If A and B are invertible matrices of size n, then AB is invertible and
( AB)  1 B  1 A 1
Pf:
( AB)( B  1 A 1 )  A( BB  1 ) A 1  A( I ) A 1 ( AI ) A 1  AA 1 I
( B  1 A 1 )( AB) B  1 ( A 1 A) B B  1 ( I ) B B  1 ( IB ) B  1 B I
If AB is invertible, then its inverse is unique.
So ( AB)  1 B  1 A 1

Note:
A1 A2 A3  An   An 1  A3 1 A2 1 A1 1
1

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 6 Finding the Inverse of a Matrix Product

Find for the matrices

and B

using the fact that and are

and

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Cancellation Properties
If C is an invertible matrix, then the following properties hold:
(1) If AC=BC, then A=B (Right cancellation property)
(2) If CA=CB, then A=B (Left cancellation property)
Pf:
AC BC
( AC )C  1 ( BC )C  1 (C is invertible , so C -1 exists)
A(CC  1 ) B (CC  1 )
AI BI
A B

Note:
If C is not invertible, then cancellation is not valid.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

System of Equations
For square systems (those having the same number of equations as variables), this
Theorem can be used to determine whether the system has a unique solution.
Theorem : (Systems of equations with unique solutions)
If A is an invertible matrix, then the system of linear equations Ax = b has a
unique solution given by x  A 1b

Pf: Ax b
A 1 Ax  A 1b ( A is nonsingular)
Ix  A 1b
x  A 1b

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 7 Solving Systems of Equations Using an Inverse Matrix

Use an inverse matrix to solve each system.

𝑎.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

CRYPTOGRAPHY
A cryptogram is a message written according to a secret code (the Greek word
kryptos means “hidden”). One method of using matrix multiplication to encode
and decode is introduced below.
0 = ____ 9=I 18 = R
1=A 10 = J 19 = S
2=B 11 = K 20 = T
3=C 12 = L 21 = U
4=D 13 = M 22 = V
5=E 14 = N 23 = W
6=F 15 = O 24 = X
7=G 16 = P 25 = Y
8=H 17 = Q 26 = Z

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 1 Forming Uncoded Row Matrices

Write the uncoded row matrices size 1 x 3 for the message MEET ME MONDAY.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 2 Encoding a message

Use the invertible matrix

[ ]
1 −2 2
𝐴= − 1 1 3
1 −1 −4
to encode the message MEET ME MONDAY.

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024

Lesson 4: The Transpose and Inverse of a Matrix

Example 3 Decoding a message

Use the inverse of the matrix

[ ]
1 −2 2
𝐴= − 1 1 3
1 −1 −4
to decode the cryptogram
13 -26 21 33 -53 -12 18 -23 -42 5 -20
56 -24 23 77

Linear Algebra A.Y. 2023-2024