MIXING AND FOCCULATION

MIXING is the process whereby the chemicals are quickly and uniformly dispersed in water. It is also called rapid mixing. VELOCITY GRADIENT , (G) -is best thought of as the amount of shear taking place; that is, the higher the G value, the more violent the mixing. -is a function of the power input into a unit volume of water.It is given by G= v Where g =velocity gradiet, = power input V = volume of water in mixing tank, = dynamic viscosity, Pa.s

RAPID MIX is probably the most important physical operation affecting coagulant dose efficiency. Rapid mixing can be accomplished within; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A tank utilizing a vental shaft mixer A pipe using an in-line blender A mix pipe using a static mixer Parshall flumes Hydraulic jumps Baffled channels Or, air mixing

Coagulation occurs predominantly by two mechanisms 1. Absorption of the soluble hydrolysis species on the colloid and destabilization 2. Sweep coagulation where the colloid is trapped in the hydroxide precipitate.

RAPID-MIX TANKS -it consists of an electric motor gear-type speed reducer, and either a radial-flow or axial-flow impeller. the radial-flow impeller provides more turbulance and is preffered for rapid mixing.

FOCCULATION -the most important factor affecting particle-removal efficiency -is normally accomplished with an axial-flow impeller a paddle flocculator, or a baffled chamber. the objective of flocculation is to bring the particles into contact so they will collide, stick together, and grow to a size that will readily settle.

POWER REQUIRMENTS The power imparted to the liquid in a baffled tank by an impeller may be described by the following equation for fully turbulent flowdeveloped by RUSHTON(1952) P= Where P = power,W = impeller constant (also called power number) n = rational speed, revolutions/s = impeller diameter,m = density of liquid, kg/ the power imparted by a paddle mixer is a function of the drag force on the paddle P= Where P = power imparted, W = coefficient of drag of paddle P =density of liquid, kg/ A = cross-sectional area of paddles, = relative velocity of paddles with respectto fluid, m/s

for pneumatic mixing, the power imparted is given by: P=K In( )

Where P = power imparted, W K = constant = 1.689 = air flow rate at atmospheric pressure, /min

h = air pressure at the point of discharge, m the power imparted by static-mixing devices may be complited as; P= h

Where P = power imparted, W = specific weight of fluid, kN/  = flow rate, /s

h = head loss through the mixer, m NOTE: The specific weight of water is equal to the product of the density and the acceleration due to gravity ( = ). At normal temperature, the specific weight of water as taken to be 9.81 kN/ .

FILTRATION WATER FILTRATION is a process for separating suspended or colloidal impurities from water by passage through a porous medium, usually a bed of sand or other medium. Several methods of classifying filters: 1. 2. 3. 4. One way is to classify them according to the type of medium used Dual media (coal plus sand) Mix media (coal and garnet) Allowable loading rate LOADING RATE is the flow rate of water applied per unit area of the filter. It is the method in classifying filters. It is the velocity of the water approaching the face of the filter; = Where = face velocity , m/d = loading rate, /d. =flow rate onto filter surface, = surface area of filter,

/d

FILTRATION WATER FILTRATION is a process for separating suspended or colloidal impurities from water by passage through a porous medium, usually a bed of sand or other medium. Several methods of classifying filters: 1. 2. 3. 4. One way is to classify them according to the type of medium used Dual media (coal plus sand) Mix media (coal and garnet) Allowable loading rate LOADING RATE is the flow rate of water applied per unit area of the filter. It is the method in classifying filters. It is the velocity of the water approaching the face of the filter; = Where = face velocity , m/d = loading rate, /d. =flow rate onto filter surface, = surface area of filter,

/d

>Fair and Gayer (1954) developed the following relationship to predict the depth of the expanded bed: = (1- )(D) Where = depth of the expanded bed, m = porosity of the bed, = porosity of the expanded bed, f = mass fraction of sand with expanded porosity

The porosity of the expanded bed maybe calculated for a given particle by =( = velocity of back wash, m/s = settling velocity, m/s >Richardson and Zaki (1954):represent the model equation that is given below: =( Where the Reynolds number is defined as R= Where d = 60 percentile diameter, m Where