Support & Protection

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Definition Functions of the Skeletal System Types of Skeleton in Animals Structure of a Long Bone The Human Skeletal System
a) b) c) d) Two divisions of the Human Skeleton Types of Bones according to Shape Types of Bones according to Formation Types of Joints

Skeleton - is any hardened portion of the body, which may either be located externally (exoskeleton) or internally (endoskeleton) Skeletal System the framework of the human body

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Framework of the body Provides physical support & protection Muscle attachment & leverage for locomotion Storage of minerals (calcium & phosphorus) Manufacture RBC in bone marrow of long bones

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Exoskeleton
Found outside the body Consists of dead, non-cellular secretions Eg. Carapace & plastron of turtles, shells of crustaceans, exoskeleton of insects

2. Endoskeleton
Found inside the body Consists of hardened, rigid, segmented & entirely cellular bones Eg. Cartilage & bone

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Hydrostatic Skeleton A core of liquid (water or body fluid such as blood) surrounded by a tension resistant sheath of longitudinal or circular muscles A form of internal support Eg. In Sea anemone, worm

Periosteum tough membrane that surrounds & protects bone - holds muscles in place & produces bone-forming cells responsible for bone growth Compact bone dense matl beneath the periostium - gives bones strength to carry heavy objects Spongy bone at the end of bone knob that makes the bone knob light

Marrow soft inner part of bone - rich with nerves & blood vessels Types: 1. Red marrow found on flat bones (eg. Ribs, sternum) - produces RBC 2. Yellow marrow found on central cavity of long bones - made up of fat cells - serves as storage depot for fats - may produde corpucles during emergency such as during great blood loss or in certain diseases
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the process whereby cartilage are transformed into bones - involves deposition of calcium compounds between bone cells resulting in increased strength of bones

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Axial Skeleton
Skull Hyoid Sternum Ribs Vertebral column

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Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Upper limbs Lower limbs

Skull
Bony framework of the head Encloses & protects the brain & sense organs Consists of:
x Cranial bones 8 x Facial bones -14

Bones are joined together by immovable joint called suture (except for mandible- only movable bone in the skull)

Hyoid
Small isolated bone located in the upper anterior part of the neck Supports the tongue & larynx (voice box)

Sternum
o flat dagger-shaped bone in the middle of the chest for attachment of ribs that, together, form the rib cage which protects internal organs (heart, lungs) Composed of:
x Manubrium upper part x Body elongated middle segment x Xiphoid process small terminal piece

Ribs
flat bones attach to the sternum Protect organs in the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs) Support the chest wall 12 pairs in man
x 1st 7 pairs true ribs ( directly attached to sternum) x next 3 pairs false ribs (not directly attached to sternum) x Last 2 pairs floating ribs (not attach to sternum)

Vertebral column
o Also called the spinal cord, spinal column, or backbone o Axial support of the body o Composed of 33 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae:
o 24 vertebrae common features: body & neural arch
o 7 cervical (neck) vertebrae o 12 thoracic (chest) vertebrae o 5 lumbar (back) vertebrae

o 2 fused bones
o Sacrum 5 fused bones o Coccyx (tail bone) 4 fused bones

Upper Extremities: 64 bones x Upper Limbs - for grasping & holding - Consist of 3 parts: Arm or Humerus Forearm: Radius shorter & & smaller Ulna longer Hand: carpals 8 bones metacarpals 5 phalanges - 14

Pectoral Girdle - consists of: 1. Clavicle or collar bone -2 2. Scapula or shoulder blade -2

LOWER EXTREMITIES Lower Limbs - For locomotion - Consist of: thigh or Femur longest bone Leg: tibia -2nd longest bone fibula Foot: tarsals -7 metatarsals-5 phalanges-14

Patella or Knee cap

- small isolated bone (sesamoid)

Pelvic Girdle or Hip girdle

- Composed of 2 coxal (hip) bones - Consists of 3 separate parts:
- Ilium, ischium, pubis

Long Bones divided into shaft called diaphysis & extremities called epiphysis ex. Femur, humerus, radius-ulna, tibia-fibula

Short Bones short & of irregular shapes ex. Carpals, tarsals Flat Bones for protection of the soft body parts ex. Cranium, ribs, scapula Irregular Bones bones of peculiar & differing shapes ex. Vertebrae, sacrum, mandible Sesamoid Bones small, rounded & separate bone ex. Patella or knee cap

Cartilage Bone starts first as a cartilage (chondrification) and later hardens into a bone (ossification) Membrane Bone develops immediately into a hard bone

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The point where bones are connected Types: 1. Synarthrosis or Immovable Joints fixed; firmly united & dont allow movement eg. Sutures in the skull 2. Diarthrosis or Movable Joints free; allow angular & rotary movement eg. Elbow, fingers, knees, ankles 3. Amphiarthrosis or Slightly Movable Joints - semifixed; allow slight movement eg. In between vertebrae (invertebral), sacroiliac (pelvic bone to the spine)

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Number of bones at birth:: 275 Number of bones at maturity: 206 Longest bone in human body: femur 2nd longest: tibia Smallest bone: stirrup (in the middle ear) Ossification the process whereby cartilage are transformed into bones - involves deposition of calcium compounds between bone cells resulting in increased strength of bones Ligament dense connective tissue that connects bone to another bone Tendon dense connective tissue that connects muscles to bones