INC 112 Basic Circuit Analysis

Lecture 4

INC 341

PT & BP

Special Techniques
Superposition Theorem Source Transformation Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem

INC 341

PT & BP

Linear elements vs. linear circuits

Linear element: passive element that has a linear voltage-current relationship, i.e. v(t)=R*i(t) Linear dependent source: source whose output is proportional only to the first power, i.e., v1 = 0.6i1-14v2 Linear circuit: composed of independent sources, linear dependent sources, and linear elements
INC 341 PT & BP

Superposition Theorem
One of the properties of linearity Definition: voltage across or current thru any resistor or source may be calculated by adding all the individual voltage or currents caused by the separate independent source acting alone

INC 341

PT & BP

Implementation
Other independent voltage sources give zero voltage, then act like short circuits. Other independent current sources give zero current, then act like open circuits.
INC 341 PT & BP

Example

I1 = 1A I2 = 2A I total = 1+2 = 3A
INC 341 PT & BP

Example

I1 = 1A I2 = 0A I total = 1+0 = 1A

INC 341

PT & BP

Example
Find voltage Vx

INC 341

PT & BP

(12 / 7) (3 || 4) Vx( 42V ) ! v 42 ! v 42 6  (12 / 7) 6  (3 || 4) ! 9.333V

INC 341

PT & BP

2 (6 || 3) Vx(10V ) !  v10 !  v10 24 (6 || 3)  4 ! 3.333V

INC 341

PT & BP

Vx ! Vx( 42V )  Vx(10V ) ! 9.333  3.333 ! 6V

INC 341

PT & BP

Example 5.1
use superposition to find ix

INC 341

PT & BP

Example 5.1 (cont.)

' ix

= 0.2 A

' i x' = 0.8 A

i x = 1.0 A

INC 341

PT & BP

Superposition and dependent source

one cannot use superposition to dependent source!!!

INC 341

PT & BP

Example 5.3

INC 341

PT & BP

KVL:

'  10  2i x ' ix ! 2

'  1i x

'  2i x

!0

INC 341

PT & BP

Supermesh:

'' '' '' 2i x  1(i x  3)  2i x '' i x ! 0.6

!0

INC 341

PT & BP

' ' i x ! i x  i x'

! 2  (0.6) ! 1.4 A

INC 341

PT & BP

Special Techniques
Superposition Theorem Source Transformation Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem

INC 341

PT & BP

Practical voltage source

v L ! v s  Rs i L

voc ! v s i Lsc vs ! Rs
PT & BP

INC 341

Practical current source

vL iL ! is  Rp

v Loc ! R p is i Lsc ! is
INC 341 PT & BP

Equivalent practical sources

Head of current = +

RTH ! RN VTH ! I N v RTH

INC 341

PT & BP

Equivalent practical sources (cont.)

The two practical sources are equivalent only with respect to what transpires at the load terminals; they are not equivalent internally!
Note: goal is to have either all current sources or all voltage sources in the circuitmaking nodal/mesh analysis easier

INC 341

PT & BP

Example
Use source transformation to find Ix

INC 341

PT & BP

INC 341

PT & BP

INC 341

PT & BP

2 2 1 IX ! ! ! A 1 2  3 6 3

INC 341

PT & BP

Special Techniques
Superposition Theorem Source Transformation Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem

INC 341

PT & BP

Thevenins Theorem

Equivalent circuit

INC 341

PT & BP

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

Composed of VTH and RTH connected in series

VTH = Voc (open-circuit voltage) RTH = equivalent R (total R) in the circuit

INC 341 PT & BP

A statement of Thevenins Theorem

Disconnect a load network from the circuit by substituting an open circuit, and find Voc across the load, which is equivalent to VTH. Open load and evaluate RTH by zeroing out every independent source (open current source, short voltage source).

INC 341

PT & BP

Example
Find Thevenins equivalent circuit and the current passing thru RL given RL = 1

INC 341

PT & BP

Find VTH

10V

6V

6V

0V

0V

0V

VTH

3 ! v10 ! 6V 23

INC 341

PT & BP

Find RTH

RTH ! 10  2 || 3  2
Short voltage source

2v3 ! 10  2 23 ! 13.2;

RTH

INC 341

PT & BP

Thevenins equivalent circuit

The current thru RL = 1 is

6 ! 0.423 A 13.2  1
PT & BP

INC 341

Example
Find Thevenins equivalent circuit

INC 341

PT & BP

Find VTH

5V

3V

3V

0V

0V

0V

VTH ! 1v 3 ! 3V

INC 341

PT & BP

Find RTH

Open circuit current source

RTH ! 10  3  2 ! 15;
RTH

INC 341

PT & BP

Thevenins equivalent circuit

INC 341

PT & BP

Example: Bridge circuit

Find Thevenins equivalent circuit

INC 341

PT & BP

Find VTH 10V

8V

2V

0V

VTH = 8-2 = 6V

INC 341

PT & BP

Find RTH

RTH

INC 341

PT & BP

RTH ! 2 K || 8 K  4 K || 1K ! 1.6 K  0.8 K ! 2.4 K

INC 341

PT & BP

Thevenins equivalent circuit

INC 341

PT & BP

HW#3
Read Superposition and source transformation Exercise 5.13, 5.24

INC 341

PT & BP