BB491/591 Overview

Instructors Gary Merrill Viviana Prez Teaching Assistant Caitlin Cripm Jing Jie BB 491 Students Two Midterm Exams Quizzes
your top 5 (of 7) will count 10% of your grade

Office Hours M, W: 11:00 am-12:00 pm @ ALS 2053A M, W: 2:00 pm- 3:00 pm @ LPSC 351 Office Hours T, Th: 2:00 pm-4:00 pm @ ALS 2162 T, Th: 11:00 am-1:00 pm @ ALS 2023 Evaluation BB 591 Students Same as for BB 491 students A Term Paper (100 pts)
Due: 3/12/12

125 pts each 6:00-7:30 pm (2/06/12; 3/05/12)

Final Exam 200 points (new + cumulative)

Usable Energy

Building Blocks Reducing Power

Introduction to Intermediary Metabolism

Energy-yielding Nutrients Complex Macromolecules

Catabolism

The sum of chemical changes that convert nutrients into energy and also create complex biomolecules of the cell

Chemical Energy ATP NAD(P)H

Energy-poor Products Precursor Molecules

CO2 NH3 H2O

Amino Acids Sugars Fats Nucleobases

Anabolism

Metabolism:

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Proteins Polysaccharides Lipids Nucleotides

Metabolism Consists of Sequential Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions in Distinct Pathways Separate

enzymes with diffusing intermediates Multi-enzyme complexes

Enzymes reside as a membranebound system

Themes of Metabolism: I. Chemical energy is carried in only a few compounds

ATP s phosphodiester bonds have a high phosphoryl transfer potential ATP
Energy for ATP synthesis is supplied by sunlight or by catabolic reactions

ATP Energy Cycle

The high phosphoryl transfer potential of ATP drives endergonic (anabolic) reactions

The NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ Redox Couple Also Represents Metabolic Energy NAD(P)H

Reactive Site NADH: a hydride carrier in catabolic reactions:
Reduced Fuel
H
-

Oxidized Product

Catabolism

NAD+

NADH

NADPH: a hydride carrier in biosynthesis:

Reduced Biosynthetic Product
H
-

Oxidized Precursor

Phosphorylation Site (NADPH only)

Reductive Biosynthesis

NADP+

NADPH

Themes of Metabolism:
II. Only a handful of common intermediates serve as connecting points between biochemical pathways
The Metabolic Map shown as Dots (metabolites) & Lines (enzymes), reveals common intersections
 80% of intermediates in metabolism connect to only 1 or 2 lines (enzymes)  Just a few intermediates at branch points of metabolism are subject to a variety of fates

Examples: Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Glucose 6-phosphate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA

Intermediates in catabolic pathways converge to common simple compounds

These simple compounds are used to make a huge assortment of important complex biomolecules

or are further catabolized for metabolic energy

Acetyl-CoA is One of the Most Important Metabolic Bridges Between Anabolism & Catabolism
Carbohydrates Lipids Certain Amino Acids Coenzyme A (CoA) Acetate Porphyrins Fatty Acids Isoprene Compounds

-Mercaptoethylamine

Pantothenic Acid Adenosine 5 diphosphate -

Themes of Metabolism:
III. Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
Reciprocal Regulation A
E1 E10

A Regulation at branch points

E3 E1

B
E2

M
E9

B
E2

Regulation at enzymes unique to a catabolic or anabolic pathway

Catabolic M ode

C
E3

L
E8

Anabolic M ode

C
E4 E6

E
E5

D
E4

K
E7

E
E5

J
E6

P Also, anabolic and catabolic pathways are often segregated from each other into separate cellular organelles

Themes of Metabolism:
IV. Biochemistry is comprised of only 5 categories of chemical reactions 1. Reactions that make or break bonds 2. Internal rearrangements
isomerizations Eliminations

Section 13.2

3. Group transfers 4. Free radical reactions 5. Oxidation/reduction reactions

Example: Oxidation/Reduction Reactions

Electron transfer between two compounds is key for biological energy production and metabolic work

Dehydrogenation reactions: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Every oxidation reaction must be coupled to a reduction reaction

Themes of Metabolism:
V. Many enzymes involved in these 5 classes of chemical reactions employ cofactors
Carrier ATP NADH/NADPH Flavins CoASH Lipoamide Thiamine pyrophosphate Biotin Folates S-Adenosylmethionine UDP-Glucose Group Carried Phosphoryl transfer Hydride transfer 1 or 2 Electron transfer Acyl grp Acyl grp, electrons Acyl grp CO2 1-Carbon Methyl grp Glucose