Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields

Magnetic Materials

Iron, Cobalt and Nickel and various other alloys and compounds made using these three basic elements

Electric Current and Magnetic Field

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Definitions Related to Electromagnetic Field

* (Unit is Weber (Wb)) = Magnetic Flux Crossing a Surface of Area A in m2. B (Unit is Tesla (T)) = Magnetic Flux Density = */A B H (Unit is Amp/m) = Magnetic Field Intensity = Q Q = permeability = Qo Qr
Qo = 4T*10-7 H/m (H Henry) = Permeability of free space (air) Qr = Relative Permeability Qr >> 1 for Magnetic Material
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Water Analogy

Ampres Law
The line integral of the magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through the area enclosed by the path. p p H. dl ! i
H . dl ! H dl cos U
p p p p

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Example of Ampres Law

Find the magnetic field along a circular path around an infinitely long Conductor carrying I ampere of current. B,H 900 dl

Since both dl and H are perpendicular to radius r at any point A on the circular path, the angle U is zero between them at all points. Also since all the points on the circular path are equidistant from p the current carrying conductor H is constant at all points on the p p p p p p I circle H. dl ! H dl ! H 2Tr ! I or H ! 2Tr
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Magnetic Circuits
They are basically ferromagnetic structures(mostly Iron, Cobalt, Nickel alloys and compounds) with coils wound around them Because of high permeability most of the magnetic flux is confined within the magnetic circuit Thus H is always aligned with dl(U ! 0) Examples: Transformers, Actuators, Electromagnets, Electric Machines
p p

Magnetic Circuits
w I N

d "= mean length

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Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic Circuits
F =NI= Magneto Motive Force or MMF = # of turns * Current passing through it
F = NI = H"(why!)

or

B N NI ! Q or * !

or NI N QA) /(

* N NI ! QA

NI or * !
= Reluctance of magnetic path

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Analogy Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits

F =MMF is analogous to Electromotive force (EMF) =E * = Flux is analogous to I = Current
= Reluctance is analogous to R = Resistance 1 1 P = Permeance ! = Analogous to conductance G ! R

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Sol

Example
The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other dimensions of the core are as shown in the figure below. Find the value of the current that will produce a flux of 0.005 Wb. With this current, what is the flux density at the top of the core? What is the flux density at the right side of the core? Assume that the relative permeability of the core is 1000.

SOLUTION There are three regions in this core. The top and bottom form one region, the left side forms a second region, and the right side forms a third region. If we assume that the mean path length of the flux is in the center of each leg of the core, and if we ignore spreading at the corners of the core, then the path lengths are 1 l = 2(27.5 cm) = 55 cm, 2 l = 30 cm, and 3 l = 30 cm. The reluctances of these regions are:

Magnetization Curves
saturation B B Linear knee

H Magnetization curve (linear) (Ideal)

H Magnetization curve (non-linear) (Actual) (see also Fig. 1.6 in the text)
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