Professional Documents
Culture Documents
High Court
Specialized tribunal
Civil Courts
Services tribunal
Criminal Courts
Tax Tribunal
Source of Law
PrimarySource The Primary source of law emanates from Acts passed by the Federal and State Legislatures.The President and the Governor have limited powers to issue ordinances. These ordinances lapse six weeks from there-assembly of Federalor State Parliament. SecondarySource A Secondary source of law emanates from the judgments passed by the judiciary especially the Supreme Court and the High Courts of the States.This type of law is known as case law or judge made law. Principally case law is a result of the courts having interpreted the words and or phrases in legislation. The 11 MFM 1st Year Group Constitution provides that the law 5 declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all courts within India
Novel trends
Computerisation of courts. Scope of PIL is being limited. Judiciary has become more transparent. Concept of early resolution of disputes is encouraged. Lok Adalats. Special courts to dispose of petty, frivolous or vexatious cases. Evening courts have started in many States.
MFM 1st Year Group 11 8
Writs
Writs are issued by the Supreme Court under Article 32 and by the High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution of India.Historically,aWrit was an order or direction issued by a court. Article226oftheConstitutionofIndia Article226empowerstheHighCourtsoftheStates throughouttheterritoriesofIndiatoissuetoan ypersonorauthorityincludinggovernmentdir ectnordersorWrits. WritofProhibition:Anorderprohibitingane ntityfromdoinganygivenact. (b)WritofHabeasCorpus:Anorderthatapri sonerbereleasedfromunlawfulcustody. (c)WritofCertiorari:Anorderbyasuperiorco urtthatthebeprovidedwithacopyofajudgem entmadeinaninferiorcourtforreview. (d)WritofMandamus:Anorderfordirectedto aninferiorcourtorgovernmentdemandingth atacertainact(s)beundertaken. (e)WritofQuoWarranto:Anorderdemandin gthatoneevidencetheauthoritybywhichheor sheissaidtohavemadeacertaindecision(s)
10
Short title Definitions Jurisdiction of Evening Court Appointment of Evening Court Judges. Appointment of member of staff of Evening Court Notification of Evening Courts Working Hours Remuneration of Evening Court Judges and members of staff in Evening Courts Powers of Evening Court Judge Supervision and control Conditions of service Savings
11
The Jan Lokpal Bill, also referred to as the citizens' ombudsman bill, is a proposed independent anti-corruption law in India. Anti-corruption social activists proposed it as a more effective improvement to the original Lokpal bill, which is currently being proposed by the Government of India.[1] The Jan Lokpal Bill aims to effectively deter corruption, redress grievances of citizens, and protect whistle-blowers. If made into law, the bill would create an independent ombudsman body called theLokpal (Sanskrit: protector of the people). It would be empowered to register and investigate complaints of corruption against politicians and bureaucrats without prior government approval.[2][3][4] In April 2011, civil activist Anna Hazare started a Satyagraha movement by commencing an indefinite fast in New Delhi to demand the passing of the bill. The movement attracted attention in the media, and hundreds of thousands of supporters, in part due to the organizational skills of Arvind Kejriwal.[5] Following Hazare's four day hunger strike, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh stated that the bill would be re-introduced in the 2011 monsoon session of the Parliament.[6] Accordingly, a committee of five Cabinet Ministers and five social activists attempted to draft a compromise bill merging the two versions but failed. The Indian government went on to propose its own version in the parliament, which the MFM 1st Year Group 11 14 activists rejected on the grounds of not being sufficiently effective, and called it a "toothless bill".[7]
15
Presented By Madhavi Dhuri Shakuntala Utekar Sneha Mirgule Soniya Javkar Sujata Dongre Sylvia Fernandes
MFM 1st Year Group 11 16