Present by Muhammad Haziq Bin Mohd Hazir as know as ajib

Components of an electrical circuit or electronic circuit can be connected in many different ways. The two simplest of these are called series and paralleland occur very frequently. Components connected in series are connected along a single path, so the same current flows through all of the components.Components connected in parallel are connected so the same voltage is applied to each component A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as aparallel circuit. In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the components is the sum of the voltages across each component.[1] In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents through each component

As an example, consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and one 6 V battery. If a wire joins the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, then back to the battery, in one continuous loop, the bulbs are said to be in series. If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, there is same current through all of them, and the voltage drop is 1.5 V across each bulb, which may not be sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery, while the voltage drop is 6.0 V across each bulb and they all glow. In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. One bulb burning out in a series circuit breaks the circuit. In parallel circuits, each light has its own circuit, so all but one light could be burned out, and the last one will still function

Most circuits in electrical equipment are not series or parallel circuits.They are usually seriesparallel circuits, which are combinations of series and parallel circuits.A series-parallel circuit consists of groups of parallel resistors connected in series with other resistors. An example of a series-parallel circuit is shown in figure 8-64

While series-parallel circuits may appear extremely complex, the same rule used for series and parallel circuits can be applied to simplify and solve them.The easiest method of handling series-parallel circuits is to break them apart and redraw them as equivalent circuits. The circuit in figure 8-65 is an example of a simple series-parallel circuit that can be redrawn to illustrate this procedure. In this circuit the same voltage is applied to R2 and R3; thus they are in parallel. The equivalent resistance of these two resistors is equal to the value of one resistor divided by the number of resistors in parallel. This is true only when the parallel resistors have the same ohmic value. If this rule is applied, the circuit can be redrawn as shown in figure 8-66

The voltage drops across parallel resistors are always equal.It should also be remembered that,when the voltage is held constant and the resistance of any resistor in a series-parallel circuit is increased,the total current will decrease. This should not be confused as adding another parallel resistor to a parallel combination,which could reduce total resistance and increase total urrent flow